REFERENCES

Welcome to the References section of the Model Programs Guide. The references from each of the literature reviews in the site are contained in this page. To view the references from a particular section, please scroll down or use the drop down list below.

INTRODUCTION: Prevention

Benson, P. 1997. All Kids Are Our Kids: What Communities Must Do to Raise Caring and Responsible Children and Adolescents. San Francisco, Calif. Jossey-Bass.

Bernard, B. 1991. Fostering Resiliency in Kids: Protective Factors in the Family, School, and Community. Portland, Ore.: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.

Bry, B.H.; P. McKeon; and R. Pandina. 1982. "Extent of Drug Use as a Function of Number of Risk Factors." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 91: 273-79.

Garmezy, N. 1985. "Effects of Residential Treatment on Adjudicated Delinquents: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 22: 287-308.

Hamburg, M. A. 1998. "Youth Violence is A Public Health Concern." In Violence in American Schools: A New Perspective. D. S. Elliott, B. A. Hamburg, & K. R. Williams (eds.), Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Hawkins, J.D., and R.F. Catalano. 1992. Communities That Care. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Howell, J.C. 1995. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Jessor, R., et al. 1995. "Protective Factors in Adolescent Problem Behavior: Moderator Effects and Developmental Change." Developmental Psychology 31(6): 923-33.

Kirby, L.D., and M.W. Fraser. 1997. "Risk and Resilience in Childhood." In Risk and Resilience in Childhood. M.W. Fraser (ed.). Washington: National Association of Social Workers.

Kumpfer, K.L. 1993. Strengthening America's Families: Promising Parenting Strategies for Delinquency Prevention--User's Guide. Washington: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Newcomb, M.D. 1995. "Identifying High-Risk Youth: Prevalence and Patterns of Adolescent Drug Use." In E. Rahdert, D. Czechowicz, and I. Amsel (eds.), Adolescent Drug Use: Clinical Assessment and Therapeutic Intervention. Rockville, Md., National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Pollard, J.; J.D. Hawkins; and M. Arthur. 1999. "Risk and Protection: Are Both Necessary to Understand Diverse Behavioral Outcomes in Adolescence?" Social Work Research 23(3): 145-58.

Rende, R., and R. Plomin. 1993. "Families at Risk for Psychopathology: Who Becomes Affected and Why?" Development and Psychopathology 5: 529-40.

Rutter, M. 1985. "Resilience in the Face of Adversity: Protective Factors and Resistance to Psychiatric Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 147: 598-611.

------. 1987. "Psychosocial Resilience and Protective Mechanisms." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 57: 316-31.

-----. 1990. "Psychosocial Resilience and Protective Mechanisms." In J. Rolf, A.S. Matsen, D. Cicchetti, N.H. Nuechterlein, and S. Weintraub (eds.) Risk and Protective Factors in the Development of Psychopathology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Search Institute. 1998. "Developmental Assets: An Investment in Youth." Jan. 4, 1999. http://www.search-institute.org/assets/index.htm.

Sherman, L.; D. Gottfredson; D. MacKenzie; J. Eck; P. Reuter; and S. Bushway. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising--A Report to the United States Congress Prepared for the National Institute of Justice.

Small, S.A., and T. Luster. 1994. "Adolescent Sexual Activity: An Ecological Risk-Factor Approach," Journal of Marriage and the Family 56: 181-92.

Stattin, H., and D. Magnusson. 1996. "Antisocial Development: A Holistic Approach." Development and Psychopathology 8: 617-45.

Sterling, S.; E.L. Cowen; R. Weissberg; B.S. Lotyczewske; and M. Boike. 1985. Recent stressful life events and young children's school adjustment. American Journal of Community Psychology. 13(1): 87-98.

Surgeon General. 2000. Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General. Available online at http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence.

Werner, E.E. 1989. "Vulnerability and Resistance: A Longitudinal Perspective." In M. Brambring, F. Losel, and H. Skowronek (eds.). Children at Risk: Assessment, Longitudinal Research and Intervention (158-72). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

------. 1994. "Overcoming the Odds." Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 15: 131-36.

INTRODUCTION: Intervention

Akers, R. 1997. Criminological Theories: Introduction and Evaluation. Los Angeles, Calif.: Roxbury Publishing.

Clear, Todd and Anthony A. Braga. 1995. “Community Corrections,” in Crime, edited by James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, California, 421-444.

Gies, Stephen V and M. Cohen. 2002. “Promising Practices in Graduated Sanctions.” In R. Wiebush (ed.) Graduated Sanctions For Juvenile Offenders: A Program Model and Planning Guide. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

INTRODUCTION: Immediate Sanctions

Bazemore, G., Seymour, A., and Rubin, T. 2000. Victims, Judges, and Juvenile Court Reform Through Restorative Justice Reform. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Victims of Crime.

Lundman, R. 1993. Prevention and Control of Delinquency. Second Edition. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.

Sheldon, R. 1999. Detention Diversion Advocacy: An Evaluation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Zehr, H. Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice. Scottsdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990.

INTRODUCTION: Intermediate Sanctions

Boersema, C. 1998. Strategic Planning as a Means to Address Detention Overcrowding. Journal for Juvenile Justice and Detention Services 13 (Spring):2031

DeMuro, P. 1997. Overcrowding in Juvenile Detention: Some Concrete Suggestions. Texas Probation 12 (July):1117

Deschenes, E.P., and Greenwood, P.W. 1998. Alternative placements for juvenile offenders: Results from the evaluation of the Nokomis Challenge Program. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35(3):267–294.

Dunlap, E.L., and Roush, D.W. 1995. Juvenile Detention as Process and Place. Juvenile and Family Court Journal 46 (Spring):316

Guarino-Ghezzi, S., and Loughran, E.J. 1996. Balancing Juvenile Justice. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Henggeler, S.W. 1998. Treating Serious Anti-Social Behavior in Youth: The MST Approach. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Jones, M.A., and Krisberg, B. 1994. Images and Reality: Juvenile Crime, Youth Violence, and Public Policy. San Francisco, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

Krisberg, B. 1997. The Impact of the Juvenile Justice System on Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. San Francisco, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

Roush, R. and M. McMillen, 2000).Construction, Operations, and Staff Training for Juvenile Confinement Facilities Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

INTRODUCTION: Residential Care

Howell, J.C. (1998). Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Lipsey, Mark W., David B. Wilson, and Lynn Cothern (2000). Effective Intervention for Serious Juvenile Offenders. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin, April 2000.

OJJDP Fact Sheet (September, 2003 #05). Juvenile Court Placement of Adjudicated Youth, 1990–1999 by Charles Puzzenchera.

INTRODUCTION: Reentry

Krisberg, B. 1997. The Impact of the Juvenile Justice System on Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. San Francisco, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

Langan, Patrick A. and David J. Levin. 2002. Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

MacKenzie, L.R. 1999. Residential Placement of Adjudicated Youth, 1987–1996. Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Academic Skills Enhancement

American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, DSM–IV. Washington, DC.

Catalano, R.F.; R. Loeber; and K.C. McKinney. 1999. School and Community Interventions to Prevent Serious and Violent Offending. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Cloward, R., and L.E. Ohlin, 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.

Cox, S. 1999. “An Assessment of an Alternative Education Program for At-Risk Delinquent Youth.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36(3):323–36.

Cox, S.; W. Davison; and T. Bynum. 1995. “A Meta-Analytic Assessment of Delinquency-Related Outcomes of Alternative Education Programs.” Crime and Delinquency 41(2):219–34.

Elliot, D.; D. Huizinga; and S. Ageton. 1985. Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.

Elliot, D., and H. Voss. 1974. Delinquency and Dropout. Lexington, Mass.: DC Health.

Gottfredson, Gary D. 1988. American Education–American Delinquency. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Social Organization of Schools.

Hawkins, J.D., T.I. Herrenkohl, D.P. Farrington; D. Brewer; R.F. Catalano; T.W. Harachi; and L. Cothern. 2000. Predictors of Youth Violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Hawkins, J.D., and T. Lam. 1987. “Teacher Practices, Social Development, and Delinquency.” In J.D. Burchard and S.N. Burchard (eds.). Prevention of Delinquent Behavior. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

Henggeler, S.W. 1989. Delinquency in Adolescence. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

Hirschi, T. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.

Ingersoll, S., and D. LeBoeuf. 1997. Reaching Out to Youth Out of the Education Mainstream. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Johnson, M.K; R. Crosnoe; and G.H. Elder. 2001. “Students’ Attachment and Academic Engagement: The Role of Race and Ethnicity.” Sociology of Education 74:318–40.

Jurich, S., and S Estes, 2000. Raising Academic Achievement for America’s Youth: A Study of 20 Successful Programs. Washington, DC: American Youth Policy Forum.

Kelly, B.T.; R. Loeber; K. Keenan; and M. DeLamatre. 1997. Developmental Pathways in Boys’ Disruptive and Delinquent Behavior. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Kemple, J., and J. Snipes. 2000. Career Academies: Impacts on Students’ Engagement and Performance in High School. San Francisco, Calif.: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.

Maguin, E.; J.D. Hawkins; R.F. Catalano; K. Hill; R. Abbott; and T.I. Herrenkohl. 1995. “Risk Factors Measured at Three Ages for Violence at Age 17–18.” Paper presented at the American Society for Criminology, November, Boston, Mass.

Maguin, E., and R. Loeber. 1996. “Academic Performance and Delinquency.” In Michael Tonry (ed.). Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 20. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.

Myers, D., and A. Schirm. 1997. The Short-Term Impact of Upward Bound: An Interim Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Planning, and Evaluation Service.

Raywid, M. 1983. “Alternative Schools as a Model for Public Education.” Theory Into Practice 22:190–97.

Schinke, S.; K. Cole; and S.R. Poulin. 2000. “Enhancing the Educational Achievement of at-Risk Youth.” Prevention Science 1(1):51–60.

Voelkl, Kristen, John W. Welte, and William F. Wieczorek. 1999. Schooling and Delinquency Among White and African American Adolescents. Urban Education 34(1):69–88.

Aftercare

Altschuler, D.M., and Armstrong, T.L. 2001. Reintegrating high-risk juvenile offenders into communities: experiences and prospects. Corrections Management Quarterly 5(1):79-95.

Andrews, D.A., Zinger, I., Hoge, R.D., Bonta, J., Gendreau, P., and Cullen, F.T. 1990. Does correctional treatment work? A clinically-relevant and psychologically-informed meta-analysis. Criminology 28(3):369-404.

Gies, S. 2003. Aftercare. Juvenile Justice Practice Series..Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Howell, J. C. 1998. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Krisberg, B. 1992. Excellence in Adolescent Care: The Thomas O'Farrell Youth Center. San Francisco: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

Land, K.C., McCall, P.L., and Williams, J.R. 1990. Something that works in Juvenile Justice: An evaluation of the North Carolina court counselors' intensive protective supervision randomized experimental project, 1987-1989. Evaluation Review 14(6):574-606.

Langdon, P.A. and Levin, D.J. 2002. Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Lipsey, M. W. 2000. What 500 intervention studies show about the effects of intervention on the recidivism of juvenile offenders. Washington, DC. Paper presented at the Annual Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation, July 16-19.

Lipsey, M. 1992. Juvenile delinquency treatment: A meta-analytic inquiry into the variability of effects. In Meta-Analysis for Explanation: A Casebook, edited by T.D. Cook, H. Cooper, D.S. Cordray, H. Hartmann, L.V. Hedges, R.J. Light, T.A. Louis, and F. Mosteller. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

Resource Development Group (1999). Project CRAFT: Community Restitution and Apprenticship Focused Training, Final Report. Wahigton, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.

Sherman, L.W., Gottfredson, D., MacKenzie, D.L., Eck, J., Reuter, P., and Bushway, S. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. Report to the
U.S. Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.

Sontheimer, H., and Goodstein, L. 1993. Evaluation of juvenile intensive aftercare probation: Aftercare versus system response effects. Justice Quarterly 10(2):197-227.

Weaver, R. 1989. The Last Chance Ranch: the Florida Environmental Institute Program for Chronic and Violent Juvenile Offenders. Programs for Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for the Study of Youth Policy.

Afterschool/Recreation

Anderson, D.J. 1998. “If You Let Me Play: The Effects of Participation on High School Athletics.” Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Dissertation Services.

Braddock, H.H., II. 1981. “Race, Athletics and Educational Attainment.” Youth and Society 12:335–50.

Eccles, J., and B. Baber. 1999. “Student Council, Volunteering, Basketball or Marching Band: What Kind of Exrtacurricular Involvement Matters?” Journal of Adolescent Research 14(1):10–43.

Ewing, B. 1995. “High School Athletics and the Wages of Black Males.” The Review of Black Political Economy 24(1):65–78.

Fashola, O.S. 1999. Review of Extended Day and Afterschool Programs and Their Effectiveness. Baltimore, Md.: Center for the Research on the Education of Students Placed at Risk.

Fox, J.A., and S.A. Newman. 1997. Afterschool Crime or Afterschool Programs: Tuning in the Prime Time for Violent Juvenile Crime and Implications for National Policy. Fight Crime: Invest in Kids.

GAO/HEHS. 1997. Welfare Reform and Child Care Supply. Washington, DC: Government Accounting Office.

Gerber, S. 1996. “Extracurricular Activities and Academic Achievement.” Journal of Research and Development in Education 30(1):42–50.

Gottfredson, D.; G. Gottfredson; and S. Weisman. 2001. “The Timing of Delinquent Behavior and Its Implications for Afterschool Programs.” Criminology and Public Policy 1(1):61–86.

Hahn, A.; T. Leavitt; and P. Aaron. 1994. Evaluation of Quantum Opportunities Program: Did the Program Work? Waltham, Mass.: Center for Human Resources, Heller Graduate School, Brandeis University.

Holland, A., and T. Andre. 1987. “Participation in Extracurricular Activities in Secondary School: What Is Known, What Needs to Be Known.” Review of Educational Research 57:437–66.

Huang, D.; B. Gribbons; K.S. Kim; C. Lee; and E.L. Baker. 2000. A Decade of Results: The Impact of the LA’s BEST Afterschool Enrichment Program on Subsequent Student Achievement and Performance. Los Angeles, Calif.: UCLA Center for the Study of Evaluation.

Jones, M.B., and D.R. Offord. 1989. “Reduction of Antisocial Behavior in Poor Children by Nonschool Skill-Development.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 30(5):737–50.

Long, J., and S. Caudill. 1991. “The Impact of Participation in Intercollegiate Athletics on Income and Graduation.” Review of Economic and Statistics 73(3):525–31.

Mahoney, J. 1997. “From Companions to Convictions: Peer Groups, School Engagement, and Development of Criminality.” Paper Presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development. Washington, DC.

Mahoney, J., and Cairns, R. 1997. “Do Extracurricular Activities Protect Against Early School Dropout?” Developmental Psychology 33:241–53.

McNeal, R. 1995. “Extracurricular Activities and High School Dropouts.” Sociology of Education 68:62–81.

Melnick, M.; D. Sabo; and B. Vanfossen. 1992. “Educational Effects of Interscholastic Athletic Participation on African-American and Hispanic Youth.” Adolescence 27 (Summer), 295–308.

Otto, L.B. 1982. “Extracurricular Activities” in Improving Educational Standards and Productivity, H.J. Walberg (ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: McCuthan.

Otto, L.B., and D.F. Alvin. 1977. “Athletics, Aspirations and Attainments.” Sociology of Education 42:102–13.

Picou, J.S., and E.W. Curry. 1974. “Residence and Athletic Participation—Education Aspiration Hypothesis.” Social Science Quarterly 55:768–76.

Schinke, S.P.; K.C. Cole; and S.R. Poulin. 2000. “Enhancing the Educational Achievement of At-Risk Youth.” Prevention Science 1(1):51–60.

Silliker, S., and J. Quirk. 1997. “The Effect of Extracurricular Activity Participation on Academic Performance of Male and female High School Students.” Adolescence 30:839–61.

Snyder, H., and M. Sickmund. 1999. Violence After School. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Snyder, E.E., and E. Spreitzer. 1977. “Participation in Sport as Related to Educational Expectations Among High School Girls.” Research Quarterly 47:804–09.

U.S. Department of Justice. 2000. Working for Children and Families: Safe and Smart Afterschool Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Youniss, J.; M. Yates; and Y. Su. 1997. “Social Integration: Community Service and Marijuana Use in High School Seniors.” Journal of Adolescent Research 12:245–62.

Alternative Schools

Arnette, J.; and M.C. Walsleben. 1998. Combating Fear and Restoring Safety in Schools. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Arnove, R.; and T. Strout. 1980. “Alternative School for Disruptive Youth.” Education Forum 44: 453–71.

Coffee, J.; and S. Pestridge. 2001. Career Academy Concept. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Cox, S. 1999. “An Assessment of An Alternative Education Program for At-Risk Delinquent Youth.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 36(3): 323–36.

Cox, S.; W. Davison; and T. Bynum. 1995. “A Meta-Analytic Assessmenty of Delinquency-Related Outcomes of Alternative Education Programs.” Crime and Delinquency. 41(2): 219–34.

Duke D.; and I. Muzio. 1978. “How Effective Are Alternative Schools? A Review of Recent Evaluation and Reports.” Teachers College Record 79: 461–83.

Gottfredson, G. 1987. American Education—American Delinquency. Today’s Delinquent 6(1): 1–65.

Hawkins J.; and J. Wall. 1980. Alternative Education: Exploring the Delinquency Prevention Potential. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Ingersoll, S.; and D. LeBoeuf. 1997. Reaching Out to Youth Out of the Education Mainstream. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Kemple, J.; and J. Snipes. 2000. Career Academies: Impacts on Students’ Engagement and Performance in High School. San Francisco, Calif.: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.

Raywid, M. 1983. “Alternative Schools as a Model for Public Education.” Theory Into Practice 22: 190–97.

Stern, D.; C. Dayton; and M. Raby. 1998. A Report: Career Academies and High School Reform. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California at Berkeley.

Behavior Management

Bandura, A. 1977. Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice–Hall, Inc.

Eric Review. 2000. “School Safety: A Collaborative Effort. Education Resource Information Center.” Vol. 7 Issue 1.

Gottfredson, Denise. 1998. “School-Based Crime Prevention.” In Lawrence W. Sherman et al. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. Report to the U.S. Congress. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice.

Krisberg, B.; D. Neuenfeldt; R. Wiebush; and O. Rodriquez. 1994. Juvenile Intensive Supervision: Planning Guide. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

LeBoeuf, Donni, and Robin March Delany–Shabazz. 1997. Conflict Resolution. Fact Sheet No. 55. Washington, DC: OJJDP.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1998. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Offenders. Washington, DC.

Stovell, Karienne (ed). 1999. Prevention Programs for Youth: A Guide to Outcomes Evaluation, Successful Funding. Rhode Island: Manisses Communications Group.

Community and Problem-Oriented Policing

Abrahamse, A.; P.A. Ebener; P.W. Greenwood; N. Fitzgerald; and T.E. Kosin. 1991. “An Experimental Evaluation of the Phoenix Repeat Offender Program.” Justice Quarterly 8(2):141–68.

Bowers, W., and J. Hirsch. 1987. “The Impact of Foot Patrol Staffing on Crime and Disorder in Boston: An Unmet Promise.” American Sociological Review 47:114–29.

Braga, Anthony, David Kennedy, Elin Waring, and Anne Morrison Piehl. 2001. “Problem-Oriented Policing, Deterrence, and Youth Violence: An Evaluation of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 28(3):195–225.

Eck, J.E., and W. Spelman. 1987. Problem Solving: Problem-Oriented Policing in Newport News. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.

Esbensen, F. 1987. “Foot Patrols: Of What Values?” American Journal of Police 6:45–65.

Goldstein, H. 1979. “Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach.” Crime and Delinquency 25:236–58.

Homel, R. 1990. “Random Breath Testing and Random Stopping Programs in Australia.” In R.J. Wilson and R. Mann, (eds.), Drinking and Driving: Advances in Research and Prevention. New York: Guilford Press.

Huizinga, D., and F. Esbensen. 1992. “An Arresting View of Juvenile Justice.” School Safety 15:15–17.

Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. 1999. Community Policing in Chicago: An Evaluation. Chicago: State of Illinois.

Kelling, G.L. 1999. Broken Windows and Police Discretion. Research Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Kelling, G.L., and C.M. Coles. 1996. Fixing Broken Windows. New York: The Free Press.

Kelling, G.L.; A.M. Pate; D. Dieckman; and C. Brown. 1974. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: Technical Report. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.

Kennedy, David M., Anne Morrison Piehl, and Anthony A. Braga. 1996. Youth Gun Violence in Boston: Gun Markets, Serious Youth Offenders, and a Use Reduction Strategy.

Klein, M. 1986. “1986 Labeling Theory and Delinquency Policy: An Empirical Test.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 13:47–79.

Klockars, C. 1983. Thinking About Police. New York: McGraw–Hill.

Koper, C. 1992. “The Deterrent Effects of Police Patrol Presence Upon Criminal and Disorderly Behavior Hot Spots of Crime.” M.A. thesis, Institute of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of Maryland, College Park.

Macdonald, J. 2002. “The Effectiveness of Community Policing in Reducing Urban Violence.” Crime and Delinquency 48(4):592–618.

McGarrell, E.; S. Chermak; and A. Weiss. 2002. Reducing Gun Violence: Evaluation of the Indianapolis Police Department’s Directed Patrol Project. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Martin, S., and S. Sherman. 1986 “Selective Apprehension: A Police Strategy for Repeat Offenders.” Criminology 24:55–72.

Marvell, T.B., and C.E. Moody. 1996. “Specification Problems, Police Levels and Crime Rates.” Criminology 34:609–46.

Mathews, R. 1993. Kerb-Crawling, Prostitution and Multi-Agency Policing. Police Research Group. Crime Prevention Unit Series Paper 43. London: Home Office.

Pate, A. 1986. “Experimenting With Foot Patrol: The Newark Experience.” In D.P. Rosenbaum (ed.) Community Crime Prevention: Does It work? Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

Pate, A., and S. Annan. 1989. Baltimore Community Policing Experiment: Summary Report. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.

Putnam, S.L.; I.R. Rockett; and M.K. Campbell. 1993. “Methodological Issues in Community-Based Program Effects.” In T.K. Greenfield and R. Zimmerman (eds.). Center for Substance Abuse Prevention Monograph 14. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Sherman, L. 1995. “The Police.” In J.Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia, (eds.) Crime. San Francisco: ICS Press.

Sherman, L.; D. Gottfredson; D. MacKenzie; J. Eck; P. Reuter; and S. Bushway. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. A Report to the United States Congress Prepared for the National Institute of Justice.

Sherman L.; J.W. Shaw; and D.P. Rogan. 1995. “The Kansas City Gun Experiment.” Research in Brief. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Sherman L., and D.A. Weisbrud. 1992. “Does Police Patrol Prevent Crime? The Minneapolis Hot Spots Experiment.” Paper presented to the International Society on Criminology, Conference on Urban Crime Prevention, Tokyo, April.

Skogan, W.G. 1994. “The Impact of Community Policing on Neighborhood Residents: A Cross Site Analysis.” In D.P. Rosenbaum (ed.) Community Crime Prevention: Does It Work? Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

———. 1996. Evaluating Problem Solving Policing: The Chicago Experience. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University, Institute for Policy Research.

Spelman, W., and D.K. Brown. 1981 . Calling the Police: A Replication of the Citizen Reporting Component of the Kansas City Response Time Analysis. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.

Ucida C.D.; B. Forst; and S. Annan. 1992. Modern Policing and the Control of Illegal Drugs: Testing New Strategies in Two American Cities. Research Report. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Wilson, J.Q., and G.L. Kelling. 1982. “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety.” The Atlantic Monthly (March), 29–38.

Correctional Facilities

Howell, James C. and Lipsey, Mark W. 2004. "Promising Sanctions Programs in a

Graduated System." Juvenile Sanctions Center Training and Technical Assistance Bulletin . 1(4): 1-7. Washington, DC: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.

Howell, James C. 1998. "New Approaches to Juvenile Crime: The Promise of Graduated Sanctions in the Juvenile Justice System." Corrections Compendium . 23(9): 1-25.

--- (ed.). 1995. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders . Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Hubner, John and Jill Wolfson. 1999. Ain't No Place Anybody Would Want to Be: Conditions of Confinement for Youth . Annual Report. Washington DC: Coalition for Juvenile Justice.

Lipsey, Mark W.; David B. Wilson; Lynn Cothern. 2000. Effective Interventions for Serious Juvenile Offenders . Bulletin. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Lipsey, Mark W. and David B. Wilson. 1998. "Effective Intervention for Serious Juvenile Offenders: A Synthesis of the Research." In R. Loeber and D. P. Farringon (eds.). Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions. Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1998.

Mendel, Richard. 2003. Less Hype, More Help: Reducing Juvenile Crime, What Works - and What Doesn't . Washington, DC: American Youth Policy Forum.

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Parent, Dale G. and Abt Associates. 1994. Conditions of Confinement: Juvenile Detention and Corrections Facilities . Research Summary. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Sickmund, Melissa. 2002. Juvenile Residential Facility Census: 2000, Selected Findings. Bulletin . Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Day Treatment

Craddock, A.; and L. Graham. 1996. Day Reporting Centers as an Intermediate Sanction: Evaluation of Programs Operated by the ATTIC Correctional Services. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Howell, J. 1998. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategies for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Lipsey, M.W. 2000. Effective Intervention for Serious Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Parent, D. 1990. Day Reporting Centers for Criminal Offenders: A Descriptive Analysis of Existing Programs. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Parent, D.; J. Byrne; V. Tsarfaty; L. Valdae; and J. Esselman. 1995. Day Reporting Centers. Vols.1 and 2. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Williams, D.; and T. Turnage. 2001. “Success of a Day Reporting Center Program.” The Corrections Compendium 26(3): 1–26.

Drug Court

American University. (2001). Drug court activity update:Composite summary information, May 2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Court Clearinghouse and Technical Assistance Project.

Belenko, S. 2001. Research on Drug Courts: A Critical Review, 2001 Update. Columbia, NY: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse.

Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2003. Juvenile Drug Court: Strategies in Practice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, BJA.

Cooper, C.S. 2001. Juvenile Drug Court Programs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Delaware Statistical Analysis Center. (1999). Evaluation of the Delaware juvenile drug court diversion program. Wilmington, DE: Delaware Criminal Justice Council.

Electronic Monitoring

Austin, J.; and P. Hardyman. 1991. “The Use of Early Parole With Electronic Monitoring to Control Prison Crowding: Evaluation of the Oklahoma Department of Corrections Pre-Parole Supervised Release With Electronic Monitoring.” Unpublished report to the National Institute of Justice.

Baumer, T.; M. Maxfield; and R. Mendelsohn. 1993. “A Comparative Analysis of Three Electronically Monitored Home Detention Programs.” Justice Quarterly 10: 121–42.

Baumer, T.; and R. Mendelsohn. 1991. “Comparing Methods of Monitoring Home Detention: The Results of a Field Experiment.” Paper presented at the meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Francisco, Calif.

Bonta, J.; S. Wallace–Capretta; and J. Rooney. 2000. “Can Electronic Monitoring Make a Difference? An Evaluation of Three Canadian Programs.” Crime and Delinquency 46(1): 61–75.

Lilly, J.; R. Ball; G. Curry; and J. McMullen. 1993. “Electronic Monitoring of the Drunk Diver: A 7-Year Study of the Home Confinement Alternative.” Crime and Delinquency 39 (4): 462–84.

Maxfield, M.; and G. Baumer. 1990. “Home Detention With Electronic Monitoring: Comparing Pretrial and Post-Conviction Programs.” Crime and Delinquency 36(4): 521–36.

National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center. 1999. Keeping Track of Electronic Monitoring. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Petersilia, J. 1987. Expanding Options for Criminal Sentencing. Santa Monica, Calif..: Rand.

Renzema, M. 1992. “Home Confinement Programs: Development, Implementation, and Impact.” In J.M. Byrne, A.J. Lurigio, and J. Petersilia (eds.), Smart Sentencing: The Emergence of Intermediate Sanctions. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Sherman, L.; D. Gottfredson; D., MacKenzie; J. Eck; P. Reuter; and S. Bushway. 1998. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services. 2000. Home Confinement. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts.

Weibush, R. 1993. “Juvenile Intensive Supervision: The Impact on Felony Offenders Diverted From Institutional Placement.” Crime and Delinquency 39(1): 68–89.

Family Group Conferences

Bazemore, G.; and M. Umbreit. 2001. A Comparison of Four Restorative Conferencing Justice Models. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Braithwaite, J. 1989. Crime, Shame, and Reintegration. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Immarigeon, R. 1999. “Restorative Justice, Juvenile Offenders, and Crime Victims: A Review of the Literature.” In G. Bazemore and L. Walgrove (eds.), Restorative Juvenile Justice: Repairing the Harm of Youth Crime. New York, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press.

McCold, P.; and B. Wachtel. 1998. Restorative Policing Experiment: The Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Police Family Group Conferencing Project. Pipersville, Pa.: Community Service Foundation.

McGarrell, E. 2001. Restorative Justice Conferences as an Early Response to Young Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Moore, D.; and T. O’Connell. 1994. “Family Conferencing in Wagga Wagga: A Communitarian Model of Justice.” In C. Alder and J. Wundersitz (eds.), Family Conferencing and Juvenile Justice. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology.

Strang, H.; G. Barnes; J. Braithwaite; and L.W. and Sherman. 1999. Experiments in Restorative Policing: A Progress Report on the Canberra Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE). Canberra, Australia: Australian National University.

Umbreit, M. 2000. Family Group Conferencing: Implications for Crime Victims. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Victims of Crime.

Family Therapy

Alexander, J.F.; C. Barton; D. Gordon; J. Grotpeter; K. Hansson; R. Harrison; S. Mears; S. Mihalic; B. Parsons; C. Pugh; S. Schulman; H. Waldron; and T. Sexton. 1998. Blueprints for Violence Prevention, Book Three: Functional Family Therapy. Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.

Alexander, J.F., and B.V. Parsons. 1973. “Short-Term Behavioral Intervention With Delinquent Families: Impact on Family Process and Recidivism.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 81, 219–225.

———. 1982. Functional Family Therapy: Principles and Procedures. Carmel, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.

Alexander, J.F.; C. Pugh; B.V. Parsons; and T.L. Sexton. 2000. “Functional Family Therapy.” In D.S. Elliott (series ed.). Blueprints for Violence Prevention: Book 3, Second Edition. Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.

Alvarado, R., and K. Kumpfer. 2000. Strengthening America’s Families. Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Baker, A., and C. Piotrkowski. 1995. HIPPY Implementation Report. New York: NCJW Center for the Child.

———. 1996. Parents and Children Through the School Years: The Effects of the Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youngsters. Final Report Submitted to the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (Grant No. 93–5613).

Benard, B. 1991. Fostering Resiliency in Kids: Protective Factors in the Family, School, and Community. Portland, Ore.: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.

Bradley R–H., and L. Whiteside. 1995. “Evaluation of HIPPY Program: A Look at Outcomes for Children at the End of Second Grade.” Little Rock, Ark.: Center for Research on Teaching and Learning, University of Arkansas at Little Rock.

Bridgeman, Brent, Janet B. Blumental, and Susan R. Andrews. 1981. Parent Child Development Center: Final Evaluation Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Human Development Services.

Brook, J.S.; M. Whiteman; S. Finch; and P. Cohen. 1998. “Mutual Attachment, Personality, and Drug Use: Pathways From Childhood to Young Adulthood.” Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 124(4):492–510.

Brounstein, Paul, and Janine Zweig. 1999. Understanding Substance Abuse Prevention, Toward the 21st Century: A Primer on Effective Programs. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.

Capaldi, D.M., and G.R. Patterson. 1996. “Can Violent Offenders Be Distinguished From Frequent Offenders? Prediction From Childhood to Adolescence.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33:206–31.

Cates, K.K. 1995. Early Intervention of at-Risk Children: Effects on Academic Performance. Dissertation. Little Rock, Ark.: University of Arkansas.

Center for Mental Health Services, Knowledge Exchange Network. 1998. Traditional Therapies. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services. www.mentalhealth.org/publications/allpubs/ken98–0053/ken980053.htm.

Cernkovich, S.A., and P.C. Giordano. 1987. “Family Relationships and Delinquency.” Criminology 25(2):295–321.

Chamberlain, Patricia, and Sharon F. Mihalic. 1998. “Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care.” In D.S. Elliott (series ed.) Blueprints for Violence Prevention, Book 8: Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care. Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.

Child Trends. 2000. “Preventing Problems Versus Promoting the Positive: What Do We Want for Our Children?” Research Brief, Washington, DC.

Conger, R.D.; G.D. Patterson; and X. Ge. 1995. “It Takes Two to Replicate: A Mediational Model for the Impact of Parents’ Stress on Adolescent Adjustment.” Child Development 66, 80–97.

Conger, R.D., and S.L. Simons. 1997. “Life-Course Contingencies in the Development of Adolescent Antisocial Behavior: A Matching Law Approach.” In T.P. Thornberry (ed.). Development Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol. 7. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 55–99.

Coombs, R.H.; M.J. Paulson; and M.A. Richardson. 1991. “Peer Versus Parental Influence in Substance Use Among Hispanic and Anglo Children and Adolescents.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20:73–88.

Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1999. “Effective Strategies in Parent Training and Family Strengthening.” Background Information. Online. www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/council/1999nov/parent.html.

Dawson, Richard E., Kenneth Previtt, and Karen S. Dawson. Political Socialization. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown.

Developmental Research and Programs, Inc. 1996. Prevention Strategies: A Research Guide to What Works. Seattle, Wash.

Dishion, Thomas, J. 1996. “Advances in Family-Based Intervention to Prevent Adolescent Drug Abuse.” Paper presented at the National Conference on Drug Abuse Prevention Research: Presentations, Papers, and Recommendations, Sept. 19–20, 1996. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. http://165.112.78.61/MeetSum/CODA/CODAIndex.html.

Dishion, T.J.; K. Kavanagh; and J. Kiesner. 1998. “Prevention of Early Substance Use Among High-Risk Youth: A Multiple Gating Approach to Parent Interventions.” In National Conference on Drug Abuse Prevention Research: Presentations, Papers, and Recommendations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 87–100.

Doerner, W.G. 1987. “Child Maltreatment Seriousness and Juvenile Delinquency.” Youth and Society 19(2):197–224.

Dornbusch, S.M.; J.M. Carlsmith; S.J. Bushwall; P.L. Ritter; H. Leiderman; A.H. Hastorf, and R.T. Gross. 1985. “Single Parents, Extended Households, and the Control of Adolescents.” Child Development 56:326–41.

Drazen, S., and M. Haust. 1994. Increasing Children’s Readiness for School by a Parental Education Program. Binghamton, N.Y.: Community Resource Center.

———. 1995. The Effects of the Parents and Children Together (PACT) Program on School Achievement. Binghamton, N.Y.: Community Resource Center.

———. 1996. Lasting Academic Gains From a Home Visitations Program. Binghamton, N.Y.: Community Resource Center.

Dumas, J.E. 1989. “Treating Antisocial Behavior in Children: Child and Family Approaches.” Clinical Psychology Review, 9:197–222.

Elliott, Delbert S., James Alexander, Christie Pugh, and Bruce Parsons. 1998. Blueprints for Violence Prevention, Functional Family Therapy, Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado.

Erickson, E.H. 1985. Childhood and Society. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. (original work published 1950).

Gomby, Deanna S., Patti L. Culross, and Richard E. Behrman. 1999. “Home Visiting: Recent Program Evaluations—Analysis and Recommendations.” The Future of Children, 9(1):4–26. Los Altos, Calif.: Center for the Future of Children.

Gomby, Deanna S., Mary B. Larner, Carol S. Stevenson, Eugene M. Lewit, and Richard E. Behrman. 1995. “Long-Term Outcomes of Early Childhood Programs: Analysis and Recommendations.” The Future of Children, 5(3):6–24. Los Altos, Calif.: Center for the Future of Children.

Gottfredson, M., and T. Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Government Accounting Office. 1997. Child Welfare, States’ Progress in Implementing Family Preservation and Support Services. Washington, DC: GAO/HEHS–97–34.

Greenwood, Peter W. 1999. “Costs and Benefits of Early Childhood Intervention.” OJJDP Fact Sheet, #94. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Greenwood, Peter W., and Karyn E. Model, C. Peter Hydell, and James Chiesa. 1998. Diverting Children From a Life of Crime. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand.

Haley, J. 1963. Strategies of Psychotherapy. New York: Grune and Statton.

Hawkins, J.D.; M.W. Arthur; and R.F. Catalano. 1995. “Preventing Substance Abuse.” In M. Tonry and D. Farrington (eds.). Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention, Vol. 19, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 343–427.

Hawkins, Darnell F., John H. Laub, Janet F. Lauritsen, and Lynn Cothern. 2000. “Race, Ethnicity, and Serious and Violent Juvenile Offending.” Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Hawkins, J.D.; R.F. Catalano; and J.Y. Miller. 1992. “Risk and Protective Factors for Alcohol and Other Drug Problems in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: Implications for Substance Abuse Prevention.” Psychological Bulletin, 112(1):64–105

Henggeler, S.W. 1989. Causes of Delinquency. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Henggeler, S.W. , and C.M. Borduin. 1990. Family Therapy and Beyond: A Multisystemic Approach to Treating the Behavior Problems of Children and Adolescents. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.

Henggeler, S.W.; S.F. Mihalic; L. Rone; C. Thomas; and J. Timmons–Mitchell. 1998. Blueprints for Violence Prevention, Book 6: Multisystemic Therapy. Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.

Hirschi, Travis. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.

———. 1995. “The Family.” In Crime, edited by James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia. San Francisco, Calif.: ICS Press.

Howell, James, C. (ed.) 1995. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Huizinga, D.; R. Loeber; and T.P. Thornberry. 1995. Recent Findings From the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Johnson, Dale L. 1991. “Primary Prevention of Behavior Problems in Young Children: The Houston Parent–Child Development Center.” In R. Price, E.L. Cohen, R.P. Lorion, and J. Ramoa–McKay (eds.). Fourteen Ounces of Prevention. American Psychological Association, 44–52.

Johnson, Dale L., and James N. Breckenridge. 1982. “The Houston Parent–Child Development Center and the Primary Prevention of Behavior Problems in Young Children.” American Journal of Community Psychology, 10:305–16.

Johnson, Dale L., and Todd Walker. 1987. “Primary Prevention of Behavior Problems in Mexican–American Children.” American Journal of Community Psychology, 15:375–85.

Kazdin, A.E.; T.C. Siegel; and D. Bass. 1992. “Cognitive Problem-Solving Skills Training and Parent Management Training in the Treatment of Antisocial Behavior in Children.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60:733–47.

Kitzman, H.; D.L. Olds; K. Sidora; C.R. Henderson; C. Hanks; R. Cole; S.W. Luckey; J. Bondy; K. Cole; and J. Glazner. 2000. JAMA, 283(15):1983–89.

Kroupa, S.E. 1988. “Perceived Parental Acceptance and Female Juvenile Delinquency.” Adolescence 23(89):171–285.

Kumpfer, K.L. 1999. Strengthening America’s Families: Exemplary Parenting and Family Strategies for Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Kumpfer, K.L., and R. Alvarado. 1995. “Strengthening Families to Prevent Drug Use in Multiethnic Youth.” In G. Botvin, S Schinke, and M. Orlandi (eds.). Drug Abuse Prevention With Multiethnic Youth. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 253–92.

Kumpfer, K.L., and R. Alvarado. 1997. Effective Family Strengthening Interventions. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Kumpfer, K.L., and C.W. Turner. 1990–91. “The Social Ecology Model of Adolescent Substance Abuse: Implications for Prevention.” The International Journal of the Addictions, 25(4a), 435–63.

Liaw, F.; S.J. Meisels; and J. Brooks–Gunn. 1995. “The Effects of Experience of Early Intervention on Low Birthweight Premature Children: The Infant Health and Development Program.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 10(4):405–31.

Loeber, R., and T. Dishion. 1983. “Early Predictors of Male Delinquency: A Review.” Psychological Bulletin 94(1):68–99.

———. 1984. “Boys Who Fight at Home and School: Family Conditions Influencing Cross-Setting Consistency” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 52(5):759–68.

Loeber, R., and M. Stouthamer–Loeber. 1986. “Family Factors as Correlates and Predictors of Juvenile Conduct Problems and Delinquency.” In M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds.). Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol. 7. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 29–149.

McCord, J. 1983. “A 40-Year Perspective on Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect.” Abuse and Neglect 7:265–70.

McElroy, Pat, and Cynthia Goodsoe. 1998. “Family Group Decision Making Offers Alternative Approach to Child Welfare.” Youth Law News, XIX (3).

Minuchin, S. 1974. Families and Family Therapy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Molgaard, Virginia K., Richard L. Spoth, and Cleve Redmond. 2000. “Competency Training, the Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10–14.” Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: OJJDP.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. 1999. Drug Abuse and Addiction Research, the Sixth Triennial Report to Congress. Rockville, Md.

Newcomb, M.D., and P.M. Bentler. 1988. The Consequences of Adolescent Drug Use: Impact on the Lives of Young Adults. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

Nye, F.I. 1958. Family Relationships and Delinquent Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

O’Donnell, Olive M. 1999. Parents Helping Parents: A Guide for Action. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.

Patterson, G.R.; J.B. Reid; and T.J. Dishion. 1992. Antisocial Boys: A Social Interactional Approach, Vol. 4. Eugene, Ore.: Castalia.

Plomin, R.; H.M. Chipuer; and J.C. Loehlin. 1990. Behavioral genetics and personality. In L. A. Pervin (ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research. New York: The Guilford Press, 225–43.

Powell, J.Y., and D.A. Dosser. 1992. “Structural Family Therapy as a Bridge Between ‘Helping Too Much’ and Empowerment.” Family Therapy 19(3):243–56.

Rosenthall, T., and A. Bandura. 1978. “Psychological Modeling: Theory and Practice.” In S. Garfield and A.E. Bergin (eds.). Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change: An Empirical Analysis. New York: John Wiley, 621–58.

Simons, R.L.; W. Chao; and R.D. Conger. 2001. “Quality of Parenting as Mediator of the Effect of Childhood Defiance on Adolescent Friendship Choices and Delinquency: A Growth Curve Analysis.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 63:63–79.

Simons, R.L.; C.A. Johnson; R.D. Conger; and G.H. Elder, Jr. 1998. “A Test of Latent Trait Versus Life Course Perspective on the Stability of Adolescent Antisocial Behavior.” Criminology 36: 217–44.

Snyder, J., and G. Patterson. 1987. Family Interaction and Delinquent Behavior. In Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency, edited by H.C. Quay. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 216–43.

Stanton, M.D., and T. Todd. 1982. “Principles and Techniques for Getting Resistance Families Into Treatment.” In M.D. Stanton and T. Todd (eds.). The Family Therapy of Drug Abuse and Addiction. New York: Guilford.

Stewart, E.; R.L. Simons; R.D. Conger; and L. Scaramella. 2002. “Beyond the Interactional Relationship Between Delinquency and Parenting Practices: The Contribution of Legal Sanctions.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 39(1):36–59.

Szapocznik, J. 1997. “Cultural Competence and Family Program Implementation.” Plenary Session Presented at the OJJDP–University of Utah Third National Training Conference on Strengthening America’s Families. March 23–25. Washington, DC.

Szapocznik, J. , and W.M. Kurtines. 1989. Breakthroughs in Family Therapy With Drug-Abusing and Problem Youth. New York: Springer.

Szapocznik, J. ; W.M. Kurtines; F.H. Foote; and A. Perez–Vidal. 1983. “Conjoint Versus One-Person Family Therapy: Some Evidence for the Effectiveness of Conducting Family Therapy Through One Person.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 51, 889–99.

Thornberry, Terence P. 1987. “Toward an Interactional Theory of Delinquency.” Criminology 25:863–91.

Videon, T. 2002. “The Effects of Parent–Adolescent Relationships and Parental Separation on Adolescent Well-Being.” Journal of Family and Marriage 64:489–503.

Wells, L.E., and J.H. Rankin. 1991. “Families and Delinquency: A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Broken Homes.” Social Problems 38(1):71–83.

Gang Prevention

Baccaglini, W.F. 1993. Project Youth Gang–Drug Prevention: A Statewide Research Study. Rensselear, N.Y.: New York State Division of Youth.

Bureau of Justice Assistance. 1997. Improving the Nation’s Criminal Justice System: Findings and Results From State and Local Program Evaluations. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Boys and Girls Clubs of Greater Fort Worth. 1996. Comin’ Up Gang Intervention Program. Project Report. Fort Worth, Texas.

Braga, Anthony A., and David M. Kennedy. 2002. “Reducing Gang Violence in Boston.” In Winifred L. Reed and Scott H. Decker (eds.). Responding to Gangs: Evaluation and Research. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Bursik, R.J., and H.G. Grasmick. 1993. Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimension of Effective Community Control. New York: Lexington Books.

Catalano, R.F., and J.D. Hawkins. 1995. Risk Focused Prevention: Using the Social Development Strategy. Seattle: Developmental Research and Programs, Inc.

Cohen, M.; K. Williams; A. Bekelman; and S. Crosse. 1994. National Evaluation of the Youth Gang Drug Prevention Program. Final Report. Bethesda, Md.: DSG, Inc.

Curry G.D. 1996. “National Youth Gang Surveys: a Review of Methods and Findings.” Unpublished. Tallahassee, Fla.: Report prepared by the National Youth Gang Center.

Curry, G.D., and S.H. Decker. 1998. Confronting Gangs: Crime and the Community. Los Angeles: Roxbury.

Curry, G.D.; R.A. Ball; and S.H. Decker. 1996. “Estimating the National Scope of Gang Crime From Law Enforcement Data.” In C.R. Huff (ed.), Gangs in America (second ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.

———. 1996. “Estimating the National Scope of Gang Crime From Law Enforcement Data.” NIJ Research in Brief August 1996. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Curry, G.D., and L.A. Spergel. 1988. “Gang Homicide, Delinquency, and Community.” Criminology 26:381–405.

Decker, S.H. 2002. “A Decade of Gang Research: Findings of the National Institute of Justice Gang Portfolio.” In Reed and Decker (ed.), Responding to Gangs: Evaluation and Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Decker, S.H., and G.D. Curry. 1999. “Gang Prevention and Intervention With African American Males.” In L.E. Davis (ed.) Working with African American Males: A Guide to Practice. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Decker, S.H., and B. Van Winkle. 1996. Life in the Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.

Dryfoos, J.G. 1990. Adolescents at Risk: Prevalence and Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press.

Egley, A., and M. Arjunan. 2002. “Highlights of the 2000 National Youth Gang Survey.” February 2002. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Esbensen, Finn–Aage, and D. Huizinga. 1993. “Gangs, Drugs, and Delinquency in a Survey of Urban Youth.” Criminology 31:565&nda