REFERENCES

Welcome to the References section of the Model Programs Guide. The references from each of the literature reviews in the site are contained in this page. To view the references from a particular section, please scroll down or use the drop down list below.

INTRODUCTION: Prevention

Benson, P. 1997. All Kids Are Our Kids: What Communities Must Do to Raise Caring and Responsible Children and Adolescents. San Francisco, Calif. Jossey-Bass.

Bernard, B. 1991. Fostering Resiliency in Kids: Protective Factors in the Family, School, and Community. Portland, Ore.: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.

Bry, B.H.; P. McKeon; and R. Pandina. 1982. "Extent of Drug Use as a Function of Number of Risk Factors." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 91: 273-79.

Garmezy, N. 1985. "Effects of Residential Treatment on Adjudicated Delinquents: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 22: 287-308.

Hamburg, M. A. 1998. "Youth Violence is A Public Health Concern." In Violence in American Schools: A New Perspective. D. S. Elliott, B. A. Hamburg, & K. R. Williams (eds.), Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Hawkins, J.D., and R.F. Catalano. 1992. Communities That Care. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Howell, J.C. 1995. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Jessor, R., et al. 1995. "Protective Factors in Adolescent Problem Behavior: Moderator Effects and Developmental Change." Developmental Psychology 31(6): 923-33.

Kirby, L.D., and M.W. Fraser. 1997. "Risk and Resilience in Childhood." In Risk and Resilience in Childhood. M.W. Fraser (ed.). Washington: National Association of Social Workers.

Kumpfer, K.L. 1993. Strengthening America's Families: Promising Parenting Strategies for Delinquency Prevention--User's Guide. Washington: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Newcomb, M.D. 1995. "Identifying High-Risk Youth: Prevalence and Patterns of Adolescent Drug Use." In E. Rahdert, D. Czechowicz, and I. Amsel (eds.), Adolescent Drug Use: Clinical Assessment and Therapeutic Intervention. Rockville, Md., National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Pollard, J.; J.D. Hawkins; and M. Arthur. 1999. "Risk and Protection: Are Both Necessary to Understand Diverse Behavioral Outcomes in Adolescence?" Social Work Research 23(3): 145-58.

Rende, R., and R. Plomin. 1993. "Families at Risk for Psychopathology: Who Becomes Affected and Why?" Development and Psychopathology 5: 529-40.

Rutter, M. 1985. "Resilience in the Face of Adversity: Protective Factors and Resistance to Psychiatric Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 147: 598-611.

------. 1987. "Psychosocial Resilience and Protective Mechanisms." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 57: 316-31.

-----. 1990. "Psychosocial Resilience and Protective Mechanisms." In J. Rolf, A.S. Matsen, D. Cicchetti, N.H. Nuechterlein, and S. Weintraub (eds.) Risk and Protective Factors in the Development of Psychopathology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Search Institute. 1998. "Developmental Assets: An Investment in Youth." Jan. 4, 1999. http://www.search-institute.org/assets/index.htm.

Sherman, L.; D. Gottfredson; D. MacKenzie; J. Eck; P. Reuter; and S. Bushway. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising--A Report to the United States Congress Prepared for the National Institute of Justice.

Small, S.A., and T. Luster. 1994. "Adolescent Sexual Activity: An Ecological Risk-Factor Approach," Journal of Marriage and the Family 56: 181-92.

Stattin, H., and D. Magnusson. 1996. "Antisocial Development: A Holistic Approach." Development and Psychopathology 8: 617-45.

Sterling, S.; E.L. Cowen; R. Weissberg; B.S. Lotyczewske; and M. Boike. 1985. Recent stressful life events and young children's school adjustment. American Journal of Community Psychology. 13(1): 87-98.

Surgeon General. 2000. Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General. Available online at http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence.

Werner, E.E. 1989. "Vulnerability and Resistance: A Longitudinal Perspective." In M. Brambring, F. Losel, and H. Skowronek (eds.). Children at Risk: Assessment, Longitudinal Research and Intervention (158-72). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

------. 1994. "Overcoming the Odds." Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 15: 131-36.

INTRODUCTION: Intervention

Akers, R. 1997. Criminological Theories: Introduction and Evaluation. Los Angeles, Calif.: Roxbury Publishing.

Clear, Todd and Anthony A. Braga. 1995. “Community Corrections,” in Crime, edited by James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, California, 421-444.

Gies, Stephen V and M. Cohen. 2002. “Promising Practices in Graduated Sanctions.” In R. Wiebush (ed.) Graduated Sanctions For Juvenile Offenders: A Program Model and Planning Guide. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

INTRODUCTION: Immediate Sanctions

Bazemore, G., Seymour, A., and Rubin, T. 2000. Victims, Judges, and Juvenile Court Reform Through Restorative Justice Reform. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Victims of Crime.

Lundman, R. 1993. Prevention and Control of Delinquency. Second Edition. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.

Sheldon, R. 1999. Detention Diversion Advocacy: An Evaluation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Zehr, H. Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice. Scottsdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1990.

INTRODUCTION: Intermediate Sanctions

Boersema, C. 1998. Strategic Planning as a Means to Address Detention Overcrowding. Journal for Juvenile Justice and Detention Services 13 (Spring):2031

DeMuro, P. 1997. Overcrowding in Juvenile Detention: Some Concrete Suggestions. Texas Probation 12 (July):1117

Deschenes, E.P., and Greenwood, P.W. 1998. Alternative placements for juvenile offenders: Results from the evaluation of the Nokomis Challenge Program. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35(3):267–294.

Dunlap, E.L., and Roush, D.W. 1995. Juvenile Detention as Process and Place. Juvenile and Family Court Journal 46 (Spring):316

Guarino-Ghezzi, S., and Loughran, E.J. 1996. Balancing Juvenile Justice. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Henggeler, S.W. 1998. Treating Serious Anti-Social Behavior in Youth: The MST Approach. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Jones, M.A., and Krisberg, B. 1994. Images and Reality: Juvenile Crime, Youth Violence, and Public Policy. San Francisco, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

Krisberg, B. 1997. The Impact of the Juvenile Justice System on Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. San Francisco, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

Roush, R. and M. McMillen, 2000).Construction, Operations, and Staff Training for Juvenile Confinement Facilities Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

INTRODUCTION: Residential Care

Howell, J.C. (1998). Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Lipsey, Mark W., David B. Wilson, and Lynn Cothern (2000). Effective Intervention for Serious Juvenile Offenders. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin, April 2000.

OJJDP Fact Sheet (September, 2003 #05). Juvenile Court Placement of Adjudicated Youth, 1990–1999 by Charles Puzzenchera.

INTRODUCTION: Reentry

Krisberg, B. 1997. The Impact of the Juvenile Justice System on Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. San Francisco, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

Langan, Patrick A. and David J. Levin. 2002. Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

MacKenzie, L.R. 1999. Residential Placement of Adjudicated Youth, 1987–1996. Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Academic Skills Enhancement

American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, DSM–IV. Washington, DC.

Catalano, R.F.; R. Loeber; and K.C. McKinney. 1999. School and Community Interventions to Prevent Serious and Violent Offending. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Cloward, R., and L.E. Ohlin, 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.

Cox, S. 1999. “An Assessment of an Alternative Education Program for At-Risk Delinquent Youth.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36(3):323–36.

Cox, S.; W. Davison; and T. Bynum. 1995. “A Meta-Analytic Assessment of Delinquency-Related Outcomes of Alternative Education Programs.” Crime and Delinquency 41(2):219–34.

Elliot, D.; D. Huizinga; and S. Ageton. 1985. Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.

Elliot, D., and H. Voss. 1974. Delinquency and Dropout. Lexington, Mass.: DC Health.

Gottfredson, Gary D. 1988. American Education–American Delinquency. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Social Organization of Schools.

Hawkins, J.D., T.I. Herrenkohl, D.P. Farrington; D. Brewer; R.F. Catalano; T.W. Harachi; and L. Cothern. 2000. Predictors of Youth Violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Hawkins, J.D., and T. Lam. 1987. “Teacher Practices, Social Development, and Delinquency.” In J.D. Burchard and S.N. Burchard (eds.). Prevention of Delinquent Behavior. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

Henggeler, S.W. 1989. Delinquency in Adolescence. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

Hirschi, T. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.

Ingersoll, S., and D. LeBoeuf. 1997. Reaching Out to Youth Out of the Education Mainstream. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Johnson, M.K; R. Crosnoe; and G.H. Elder. 2001. “Students’ Attachment and Academic Engagement: The Role of Race and Ethnicity.” Sociology of Education 74:318–40.

Jurich, S., and S Estes, 2000. Raising Academic Achievement for America’s Youth: A Study of 20 Successful Programs. Washington, DC: American Youth Policy Forum.

Kelly, B.T.; R. Loeber; K. Keenan; and M. DeLamatre. 1997. Developmental Pathways in Boys’ Disruptive and Delinquent Behavior. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Kemple, J., and J. Snipes. 2000. Career Academies: Impacts on Students’ Engagement and Performance in High School. San Francisco, Calif.: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.

Maguin, E.; J.D. Hawkins; R.F. Catalano; K. Hill; R. Abbott; and T.I. Herrenkohl. 1995. “Risk Factors Measured at Three Ages for Violence at Age 17–18.” Paper presented at the American Society for Criminology, November, Boston, Mass.

Maguin, E., and R. Loeber. 1996. “Academic Performance and Delinquency.” In Michael Tonry (ed.). Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 20. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.

Myers, D., and A. Schirm. 1997. The Short-Term Impact of Upward Bound: An Interim Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Planning, and Evaluation Service.

Raywid, M. 1983. “Alternative Schools as a Model for Public Education.” Theory Into Practice 22:190–97.

Schinke, S.; K. Cole; and S.R. Poulin. 2000. “Enhancing the Educational Achievement of at-Risk Youth.” Prevention Science 1(1):51–60.

Voelkl, Kristen, John W. Welte, and William F. Wieczorek. 1999. Schooling and Delinquency Among White and African American Adolescents. Urban Education 34(1):69–88.

Aftercare

Altschuler, D.M., and Armstrong, T.L. 2001. Reintegrating high-risk juvenile offenders into communities: experiences and prospects. Corrections Management Quarterly 5(1):79-95.

Andrews, D.A., Zinger, I., Hoge, R.D., Bonta, J., Gendreau, P., and Cullen, F.T. 1990. Does correctional treatment work? A clinically-relevant and psychologically-informed meta-analysis. Criminology 28(3):369-404.

Gies, S. 2003. Aftercare. Juvenile Justice Practice Series..Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Howell, J. C. 1998. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Krisberg, B. 1992. Excellence in Adolescent Care: The Thomas O'Farrell Youth Center. San Francisco: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

Land, K.C., McCall, P.L., and Williams, J.R. 1990. Something that works in Juvenile Justice: An evaluation of the North Carolina court counselors' intensive protective supervision randomized experimental project, 1987-1989. Evaluation Review 14(6):574-606.

Langdon, P.A. and Levin, D.J. 2002. Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Lipsey, M. W. 2000. What 500 intervention studies show about the effects of intervention on the recidivism of juvenile offenders. Washington, DC. Paper presented at the Annual Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation, July 16-19.

Lipsey, M. 1992. Juvenile delinquency treatment: A meta-analytic inquiry into the variability of effects. In Meta-Analysis for Explanation: A Casebook, edited by T.D. Cook, H. Cooper, D.S. Cordray, H. Hartmann, L.V. Hedges, R.J. Light, T.A. Louis, and F. Mosteller. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

Resource Development Group (1999). Project CRAFT: Community Restitution and Apprenticship Focused Training, Final Report. Wahigton, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.

Sherman, L.W., Gottfredson, D., MacKenzie, D.L., Eck, J., Reuter, P., and Bushway, S. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. Report to the
U.S. Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.

Sontheimer, H., and Goodstein, L. 1993. Evaluation of juvenile intensive aftercare probation: Aftercare versus system response effects. Justice Quarterly 10(2):197-227.

Weaver, R. 1989. The Last Chance Ranch: the Florida Environmental Institute Program for Chronic and Violent Juvenile Offenders. Programs for Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for the Study of Youth Policy.

Afterschool/Recreation

Anderson, D.J. 1998. “If You Let Me Play: The Effects of Participation on High School Athletics.” Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Dissertation Services.

Braddock, H.H., II. 1981. “Race, Athletics and Educational Attainment.” Youth and Society 12:335–50.

Eccles, J., and B. Baber. 1999. “Student Council, Volunteering, Basketball or Marching Band: What Kind of Exrtacurricular Involvement Matters?” Journal of Adolescent Research 14(1):10–43.

Ewing, B. 1995. “High School Athletics and the Wages of Black Males.” The Review of Black Political Economy 24(1):65–78.

Fashola, O.S. 1999. Review of Extended Day and Afterschool Programs and Their Effectiveness. Baltimore, Md.: Center for the Research on the Education of Students Placed at Risk.

Fox, J.A., and S.A. Newman. 1997. Afterschool Crime or Afterschool Programs: Tuning in the Prime Time for Violent Juvenile Crime and Implications for National Policy. Fight Crime: Invest in Kids.

GAO/HEHS. 1997. Welfare Reform and Child Care Supply. Washington, DC: Government Accounting Office.

Gerber, S. 1996. “Extracurricular Activities and Academic Achievement.” Journal of Research and Development in Education 30(1):42–50.

Gottfredson, D.; G. Gottfredson; and S. Weisman. 2001. “The Timing of Delinquent Behavior and Its Implications for Afterschool Programs.” Criminology and Public Policy 1(1):61–86.

Hahn, A.; T. Leavitt; and P. Aaron. 1994. Evaluation of Quantum Opportunities Program: Did the Program Work? Waltham, Mass.: Center for Human Resources, Heller Graduate School, Brandeis University.

Holland, A., and T. Andre. 1987. “Participation in Extracurricular Activities in Secondary School: What Is Known, What Needs to Be Known.” Review of Educational Research 57:437–66.

Huang, D.; B. Gribbons; K.S. Kim; C. Lee; and E.L. Baker. 2000. A Decade of Results: The Impact of the LA’s BEST Afterschool Enrichment Program on Subsequent Student Achievement and Performance. Los Angeles, Calif.: UCLA Center for the Study of Evaluation.

Jones, M.B., and D.R. Offord. 1989. “Reduction of Antisocial Behavior in Poor Children by Nonschool Skill-Development.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 30(5):737–50.

Long, J., and S. Caudill. 1991. “The Impact of Participation in Intercollegiate Athletics on Income and Graduation.” Review of Economic and Statistics 73(3):525–31.

Mahoney, J. 1997. “From Companions to Convictions: Peer Groups, School Engagement, and Development of Criminality.” Paper Presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development. Washington, DC.

Mahoney, J., and Cairns, R. 1997. “Do Extracurricular Activities Protect Against Early School Dropout?” Developmental Psychology 33:241–53.

McNeal, R. 1995. “Extracurricular Activities and High School Dropouts.” Sociology of Education 68:62–81.

Melnick, M.; D. Sabo; and B. Vanfossen. 1992. “Educational Effects of Interscholastic Athletic Participation on African-American and Hispanic Youth.” Adolescence 27 (Summer), 295–308.

Otto, L.B. 1982. “Extracurricular Activities” in Improving Educational Standards and Productivity, H.J. Walberg (ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: McCuthan.

Otto, L.B., and D.F. Alvin. 1977. “Athletics, Aspirations and Attainments.” Sociology of Education 42:102–13.

Picou, J.S., and E.W. Curry. 1974. “Residence and Athletic Participation—Education Aspiration Hypothesis.” Social Science Quarterly 55:768–76.

Schinke, S.P.; K.C. Cole; and S.R. Poulin. 2000. “Enhancing the Educational Achievement of At-Risk Youth.” Prevention Science 1(1):51–60.

Silliker, S., and J. Quirk. 1997. “The Effect of Extracurricular Activity Participation on Academic Performance of Male and female High School Students.” Adolescence 30:839–61.

Snyder, H., and M. Sickmund. 1999. Violence After School. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Snyder, E.E., and E. Spreitzer. 1977. “Participation in Sport as Related to Educational Expectations Among High School Girls.” Research Quarterly 47:804–09.

U.S. Department of Justice. 2000. Working for Children and Families: Safe and Smart Afterschool Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Youniss, J.; M. Yates; and Y. Su. 1997. “Social Integration: Community Service and Marijuana Use in High School Seniors.” Journal of Adolescent Research 12:245–62.

Alternative Schools

Arnette, J.; and M.C. Walsleben. 1998. Combating Fear and Restoring Safety in Schools. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Arnove, R.; and T. Strout. 1980. “Alternative School for Disruptive Youth.” Education Forum 44: 453–71.

Coffee, J.; and S. Pestridge. 2001. Career Academy Concept. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Cox, S. 1999. “An Assessment of An Alternative Education Program for At-Risk Delinquent Youth.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 36(3): 323–36.

Cox, S.; W. Davison; and T. Bynum. 1995. “A Meta-Analytic Assessmenty of Delinquency-Related Outcomes of Alternative Education Programs.” Crime and Delinquency. 41(2): 219–34.

Duke D.; and I. Muzio. 1978. “How Effective Are Alternative Schools? A Review of Recent Evaluation and Reports.” Teachers College Record 79: 461–83.

Gottfredson, G. 1987. American Education—American Delinquency. Today’s Delinquent 6(1): 1–65.

Hawkins J.; and J. Wall. 1980. Alternative Education: Exploring the Delinquency Prevention Potential. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Ingersoll, S.; and D. LeBoeuf. 1997. Reaching Out to Youth Out of the Education Mainstream. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Kemple, J.; and J. Snipes. 2000. Career Academies: Impacts on Students’ Engagement and Performance in High School. San Francisco, Calif.: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.

Raywid, M. 1983. “Alternative Schools as a Model for Public Education.” Theory Into Practice 22: 190–97.

Stern, D.; C. Dayton; and M. Raby. 1998. A Report: Career Academies and High School Reform. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California at Berkeley.

Behavior Management

Bandura, A. 1977. Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice–Hall, Inc.

Eric Review. 2000. “School Safety: A Collaborative Effort. Education Resource Information Center.” Vol. 7 Issue 1.

Gottfredson, Denise. 1998. “School-Based Crime Prevention.” In Lawrence W. Sherman et al. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. Report to the U.S. Congress. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice.

Krisberg, B.; D. Neuenfeldt; R. Wiebush; and O. Rodriquez. 1994. Juvenile Intensive Supervision: Planning Guide. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

LeBoeuf, Donni, and Robin March Delany–Shabazz. 1997. Conflict Resolution. Fact Sheet No. 55. Washington, DC: OJJDP.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1998. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Offenders. Washington, DC.

Stovell, Karienne (ed). 1999. Prevention Programs for Youth: A Guide to Outcomes Evaluation, Successful Funding. Rhode Island: Manisses Communications Group.

Community and Problem-Oriented Policing

Abrahamse, A.; P.A. Ebener; P.W. Greenwood; N. Fitzgerald; and T.E. Kosin. 1991. “An Experimental Evaluation of the Phoenix Repeat Offender Program.” Justice Quarterly 8(2):141–68.

Bowers, W., and J. Hirsch. 1987. “The Impact of Foot Patrol Staffing on Crime and Disorder in Boston: An Unmet Promise.” American Sociological Review 47:114–29.

Braga, Anthony, David Kennedy, Elin Waring, and Anne Morrison Piehl. 2001. “Problem-Oriented Policing, Deterrence, and Youth Violence: An Evaluation of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 28(3):195–225.

Eck, J.E., and W. Spelman. 1987. Problem Solving: Problem-Oriented Policing in Newport News. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.

Esbensen, F. 1987. “Foot Patrols: Of What Values?” American Journal of Police 6:45–65.

Goldstein, H. 1979. “Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach.” Crime and Delinquency 25:236–58.

Homel, R. 1990. “Random Breath Testing and Random Stopping Programs in Australia.” In R.J. Wilson and R. Mann, (eds.), Drinking and Driving: Advances in Research and Prevention. New York: Guilford Press.

Huizinga, D., and F. Esbensen. 1992. “An Arresting View of Juvenile Justice.” School Safety 15:15–17.

Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. 1999. Community Policing in Chicago: An Evaluation. Chicago: State of Illinois.

Kelling, G.L. 1999. Broken Windows and Police Discretion. Research Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Kelling, G.L., and C.M. Coles. 1996. Fixing Broken Windows. New York: The Free Press.

Kelling, G.L.; A.M. Pate; D. Dieckman; and C. Brown. 1974. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: Technical Report. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.

Kennedy, David M., Anne Morrison Piehl, and Anthony A. Braga. 1996. Youth Gun Violence in Boston: Gun Markets, Serious Youth Offenders, and a Use Reduction Strategy.

Klein, M. 1986. “1986 Labeling Theory and Delinquency Policy: An Empirical Test.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 13:47–79.

Klockars, C. 1983. Thinking About Police. New York: McGraw–Hill.

Koper, C. 1992. “The Deterrent Effects of Police Patrol Presence Upon Criminal and Disorderly Behavior Hot Spots of Crime.” M.A. thesis, Institute of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of Maryland, College Park.

Macdonald, J. 2002. “The Effectiveness of Community Policing in Reducing Urban Violence.” Crime and Delinquency 48(4):592–618.

McGarrell, E.; S. Chermak; and A. Weiss. 2002. Reducing Gun Violence: Evaluation of the Indianapolis Police Department’s Directed Patrol Project. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Martin, S., and S. Sherman. 1986 “Selective Apprehension: A Police Strategy for Repeat Offenders.” Criminology 24:55–72.

Marvell, T.B., and C.E. Moody. 1996. “Specification Problems, Police Levels and Crime Rates.” Criminology 34:609–46.

Mathews, R. 1993. Kerb-Crawling, Prostitution and Multi-Agency Policing. Police Research Group. Crime Prevention Unit Series Paper 43. London: Home Office.

Pate, A. 1986. “Experimenting With Foot Patrol: The Newark Experience.” In D.P. Rosenbaum (ed.) Community Crime Prevention: Does It work? Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

Pate, A., and S. Annan. 1989. Baltimore Community Policing Experiment: Summary Report. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.

Putnam, S.L.; I.R. Rockett; and M.K. Campbell. 1993. “Methodological Issues in Community-Based Program Effects.” In T.K. Greenfield and R. Zimmerman (eds.). Center for Substance Abuse Prevention Monograph 14. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Sherman, L. 1995. “The Police.” In J.Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia, (eds.) Crime. San Francisco: ICS Press.

Sherman, L.; D. Gottfredson; D. MacKenzie; J. Eck; P. Reuter; and S. Bushway. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. A Report to the United States Congress Prepared for the National Institute of Justice.

Sherman L.; J.W. Shaw; and D.P. Rogan. 1995. “The Kansas City Gun Experiment.” Research in Brief. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Sherman L., and D.A. Weisbrud. 1992. “Does Police Patrol Prevent Crime? The Minneapolis Hot Spots Experiment.” Paper presented to the International Society on Criminology, Conference on Urban Crime Prevention, Tokyo, April.

Skogan, W.G. 1994. “The Impact of Community Policing on Neighborhood Residents: A Cross Site Analysis.” In D.P. Rosenbaum (ed.) Community Crime Prevention: Does It Work? Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

———. 1996. Evaluating Problem Solving Policing: The Chicago Experience. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University, Institute for Policy Research.

Spelman, W., and D.K. Brown. 1981 . Calling the Police: A Replication of the Citizen Reporting Component of the Kansas City Response Time Analysis. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.

Ucida C.D.; B. Forst; and S. Annan. 1992. Modern Policing and the Control of Illegal Drugs: Testing New Strategies in Two American Cities. Research Report. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Wilson, J.Q., and G.L. Kelling. 1982. “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety.” The Atlantic Monthly (March), 29–38.

Correctional Facilities

Howell, James C. and Lipsey, Mark W. 2004. "Promising Sanctions Programs in a

Graduated System." Juvenile Sanctions Center Training and Technical Assistance Bulletin . 1(4): 1-7. Washington, DC: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.

Howell, James C. 1998. "New Approaches to Juvenile Crime: The Promise of Graduated Sanctions in the Juvenile Justice System." Corrections Compendium . 23(9): 1-25.

--- (ed.). 1995. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders . Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Hubner, John and Jill Wolfson. 1999. Ain't No Place Anybody Would Want to Be: Conditions of Confinement for Youth . Annual Report. Washington DC: Coalition for Juvenile Justice.

Lipsey, Mark W.; David B. Wilson; Lynn Cothern. 2000. Effective Interventions for Serious Juvenile Offenders . Bulletin. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Lipsey, Mark W. and David B. Wilson. 1998. "Effective Intervention for Serious Juvenile Offenders: A Synthesis of the Research." In R. Loeber and D. P. Farringon (eds.). Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions. Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 1998.

Mendel, Richard. 2003. Less Hype, More Help: Reducing Juvenile Crime, What Works - and What Doesn't . Washington, DC: American Youth Policy Forum.

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Parent, Dale G. and Abt Associates. 1994. Conditions of Confinement: Juvenile Detention and Corrections Facilities . Research Summary. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Sickmund, Melissa. 2002. Juvenile Residential Facility Census: 2000, Selected Findings. Bulletin . Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Day Treatment

Craddock, A.; and L. Graham. 1996. Day Reporting Centers as an Intermediate Sanction: Evaluation of Programs Operated by the ATTIC Correctional Services. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Howell, J. 1998. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategies for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Lipsey, M.W. 2000. Effective Intervention for Serious Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Parent, D. 1990. Day Reporting Centers for Criminal Offenders: A Descriptive Analysis of Existing Programs. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Parent, D.; J. Byrne; V. Tsarfaty; L. Valdae; and J. Esselman. 1995. Day Reporting Centers. Vols.1 and 2. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Williams, D.; and T. Turnage. 2001. “Success of a Day Reporting Center Program.” The Corrections Compendium 26(3): 1–26.

Drug Court

American University. (2001). Drug court activity update:Composite summary information, May 2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Drug Court Clearinghouse and Technical Assistance Project.

Belenko, S. 2001. Research on Drug Courts: A Critical Review, 2001 Update. Columbia, NY: National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse.

Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2003. Juvenile Drug Court: Strategies in Practice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, BJA.

Cooper, C.S. 2001. Juvenile Drug Court Programs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Delaware Statistical Analysis Center. (1999). Evaluation of the Delaware juvenile drug court diversion program. Wilmington, DE: Delaware Criminal Justice Council.

Electronic Monitoring

Austin, J.; and P. Hardyman. 1991. “The Use of Early Parole With Electronic Monitoring to Control Prison Crowding: Evaluation of the Oklahoma Department of Corrections Pre-Parole Supervised Release With Electronic Monitoring.” Unpublished report to the National Institute of Justice.

Baumer, T.; M. Maxfield; and R. Mendelsohn. 1993. “A Comparative Analysis of Three Electronically Monitored Home Detention Programs.” Justice Quarterly 10: 121–42.

Baumer, T.; and R. Mendelsohn. 1991. “Comparing Methods of Monitoring Home Detention: The Results of a Field Experiment.” Paper presented at the meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Francisco, Calif.

Bonta, J.; S. Wallace–Capretta; and J. Rooney. 2000. “Can Electronic Monitoring Make a Difference? An Evaluation of Three Canadian Programs.” Crime and Delinquency 46(1): 61–75.

Lilly, J.; R. Ball; G. Curry; and J. McMullen. 1993. “Electronic Monitoring of the Drunk Diver: A 7-Year Study of the Home Confinement Alternative.” Crime and Delinquency 39 (4): 462–84.

Maxfield, M.; and G. Baumer. 1990. “Home Detention With Electronic Monitoring: Comparing Pretrial and Post-Conviction Programs.” Crime and Delinquency 36(4): 521–36.

National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center. 1999. Keeping Track of Electronic Monitoring. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Petersilia, J. 1987. Expanding Options for Criminal Sentencing. Santa Monica, Calif..: Rand.

Renzema, M. 1992. “Home Confinement Programs: Development, Implementation, and Impact.” In J.M. Byrne, A.J. Lurigio, and J. Petersilia (eds.), Smart Sentencing: The Emergence of Intermediate Sanctions. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Sherman, L.; D. Gottfredson; D., MacKenzie; J. Eck; P. Reuter; and S. Bushway. 1998. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services. 2000. Home Confinement. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts.

Weibush, R. 1993. “Juvenile Intensive Supervision: The Impact on Felony Offenders Diverted From Institutional Placement.” Crime and Delinquency 39(1): 68–89.

Family Group Conferences

Bazemore, G.; and M. Umbreit. 2001. A Comparison of Four Restorative Conferencing Justice Models. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

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Immarigeon, R. 1999. “Restorative Justice, Juvenile Offenders, and Crime Victims: A Review of the Literature.” In G. Bazemore and L. Walgrove (eds.), Restorative Juvenile Justice: Repairing the Harm of Youth Crime. New York, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press.

McCold, P.; and B. Wachtel. 1998. Restorative Policing Experiment: The Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Police Family Group Conferencing Project. Pipersville, Pa.: Community Service Foundation.

McGarrell, E. 2001. Restorative Justice Conferences as an Early Response to Young Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Moore, D.; and T. O’Connell. 1994. “Family Conferencing in Wagga Wagga: A Communitarian Model of Justice.” In C. Alder and J. Wundersitz (eds.), Family Conferencing and Juvenile Justice. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology.

Strang, H.; G. Barnes; J. Braithwaite; and L.W. and Sherman. 1999. Experiments in Restorative Policing: A Progress Report on the Canberra Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE). Canberra, Australia: Australian National University.

Umbreit, M. 2000. Family Group Conferencing: Implications for Crime Victims. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Victims of Crime.

Family Therapy

Alexander, J.F.; C. Barton; D. Gordon; J. Grotpeter; K. Hansson; R. Harrison; S. Mears; S. Mihalic; B. Parsons; C. Pugh; S. Schulman; H. Waldron; and T. Sexton. 1998. Blueprints for Violence Prevention, Book Three: Functional Family Therapy. Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.

Alexander, J.F., and B.V. Parsons. 1973. “Short-Term Behavioral Intervention With Delinquent Families: Impact on Family Process and Recidivism.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 81, 219–225.

———. 1982. Functional Family Therapy: Principles and Procedures. Carmel, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.

Alexander, J.F.; C. Pugh; B.V. Parsons; and T.L. Sexton. 2000. “Functional Family Therapy.” In D.S. Elliott (series ed.). Blueprints for Violence Prevention: Book 3, Second Edition. Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.

Alvarado, R., and K. Kumpfer. 2000. Strengthening America’s Families. Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Baker, A., and C. Piotrkowski. 1995. HIPPY Implementation Report. New York: NCJW Center for the Child.

———. 1996. Parents and Children Through the School Years: The Effects of the Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youngsters. Final Report Submitted to the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (Grant No. 93–5613).

Benard, B. 1991. Fostering Resiliency in Kids: Protective Factors in the Family, School, and Community. Portland, Ore.: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.

Bradley R–H., and L. Whiteside. 1995. “Evaluation of HIPPY Program: A Look at Outcomes for Children at the End of Second Grade.” Little Rock, Ark.: Center for Research on Teaching and Learning, University of Arkansas at Little Rock.

Bridgeman, Brent, Janet B. Blumental, and Susan R. Andrews. 1981. Parent Child Development Center: Final Evaluation Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Human Development Services.

Brook, J.S.; M. Whiteman; S. Finch; and P. Cohen. 1998. “Mutual Attachment, Personality, and Drug Use: Pathways From Childhood to Young Adulthood.” Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 124(4):492–510.

Brounstein, Paul, and Janine Zweig. 1999. Understanding Substance Abuse Prevention, Toward the 21st Century: A Primer on Effective Programs. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.

Capaldi, D.M., and G.R. Patterson. 1996. “Can Violent Offenders Be Distinguished From Frequent Offenders? Prediction From Childhood to Adolescence.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33:206–31.

Cates, K.K. 1995. Early Intervention of at-Risk Children: Effects on Academic Performance. Dissertation. Little Rock, Ark.: University of Arkansas.

Center for Mental Health Services, Knowledge Exchange Network. 1998. Traditional Therapies. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services. www.mentalhealth.org/publications/allpubs/ken98–0053/ken980053.htm.

Cernkovich, S.A., and P.C. Giordano. 1987. “Family Relationships and Delinquency.” Criminology 25(2):295–321.

Chamberlain, Patricia, and Sharon F. Mihalic. 1998. “Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care.” In D.S. Elliott (series ed.) Blueprints for Violence Prevention, Book 8: Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care. Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.

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Conger, R.D.; G.D. Patterson; and X. Ge. 1995. “It Takes Two to Replicate: A Mediational Model for the Impact of Parents’ Stress on Adolescent Adjustment.” Child Development 66, 80–97.

Conger, R.D., and S.L. Simons. 1997. “Life-Course Contingencies in the Development of Adolescent Antisocial Behavior: A Matching Law Approach.” In T.P. Thornberry (ed.). Development Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol. 7. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 55–99.

Coombs, R.H.; M.J. Paulson; and M.A. Richardson. 1991. “Peer Versus Parental Influence in Substance Use Among Hispanic and Anglo Children and Adolescents.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20:73–88.

Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1999. “Effective Strategies in Parent Training and Family Strengthening.” Background Information. Online. www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/council/1999nov/parent.html.

Dawson, Richard E., Kenneth Previtt, and Karen S. Dawson. Political Socialization. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown.

Developmental Research and Programs, Inc. 1996. Prevention Strategies: A Research Guide to What Works. Seattle, Wash.

Dishion, Thomas, J. 1996. “Advances in Family-Based Intervention to Prevent Adolescent Drug Abuse.” Paper presented at the National Conference on Drug Abuse Prevention Research: Presentations, Papers, and Recommendations, Sept. 19–20, 1996. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. http://165.112.78.61/MeetSum/CODA/CODAIndex.html.

Dishion, T.J.; K. Kavanagh; and J. Kiesner. 1998. “Prevention of Early Substance Use Among High-Risk Youth: A Multiple Gating Approach to Parent Interventions.” In National Conference on Drug Abuse Prevention Research: Presentations, Papers, and Recommendations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 87–100.

Doerner, W.G. 1987. “Child Maltreatment Seriousness and Juvenile Delinquency.” Youth and Society 19(2):197–224.

Dornbusch, S.M.; J.M. Carlsmith; S.J. Bushwall; P.L. Ritter; H. Leiderman; A.H. Hastorf, and R.T. Gross. 1985. “Single Parents, Extended Households, and the Control of Adolescents.” Child Development 56:326–41.

Drazen, S., and M. Haust. 1994. Increasing Children’s Readiness for School by a Parental Education Program. Binghamton, N.Y.: Community Resource Center.

———. 1995. The Effects of the Parents and Children Together (PACT) Program on School Achievement. Binghamton, N.Y.: Community Resource Center.

———. 1996. Lasting Academic Gains From a Home Visitations Program. Binghamton, N.Y.: Community Resource Center.

Dumas, J.E. 1989. “Treating Antisocial Behavior in Children: Child and Family Approaches.” Clinical Psychology Review, 9:197–222.

Elliott, Delbert S., James Alexander, Christie Pugh, and Bruce Parsons. 1998. Blueprints for Violence Prevention, Functional Family Therapy, Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado.

Erickson, E.H. 1985. Childhood and Society. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. (original work published 1950).

Gomby, Deanna S., Patti L. Culross, and Richard E. Behrman. 1999. “Home Visiting: Recent Program Evaluations—Analysis and Recommendations.” The Future of Children, 9(1):4–26. Los Altos, Calif.: Center for the Future of Children.

Gomby, Deanna S., Mary B. Larner, Carol S. Stevenson, Eugene M. Lewit, and Richard E. Behrman. 1995. “Long-Term Outcomes of Early Childhood Programs: Analysis and Recommendations.” The Future of Children, 5(3):6–24. Los Altos, Calif.: Center for the Future of Children.

Gottfredson, M., and T. Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Government Accounting Office. 1997. Child Welfare, States’ Progress in Implementing Family Preservation and Support Services. Washington, DC: GAO/HEHS–97–34.

Greenwood, Peter W. 1999. “Costs and Benefits of Early Childhood Intervention.” OJJDP Fact Sheet, #94. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Greenwood, Peter W., and Karyn E. Model, C. Peter Hydell, and James Chiesa. 1998. Diverting Children From a Life of Crime. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand.

Haley, J. 1963. Strategies of Psychotherapy. New York: Grune and Statton.

Hawkins, J.D.; M.W. Arthur; and R.F. Catalano. 1995. “Preventing Substance Abuse.” In M. Tonry and D. Farrington (eds.). Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention, Vol. 19, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 343–427.

Hawkins, Darnell F., John H. Laub, Janet F. Lauritsen, and Lynn Cothern. 2000. “Race, Ethnicity, and Serious and Violent Juvenile Offending.” Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Hawkins, J.D.; R.F. Catalano; and J.Y. Miller. 1992. “Risk and Protective Factors for Alcohol and Other Drug Problems in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: Implications for Substance Abuse Prevention.” Psychological Bulletin, 112(1):64–105

Henggeler, S.W. 1989. Causes of Delinquency. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Henggeler, S.W. , and C.M. Borduin. 1990. Family Therapy and Beyond: A Multisystemic Approach to Treating the Behavior Problems of Children and Adolescents. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.

Henggeler, S.W.; S.F. Mihalic; L. Rone; C. Thomas; and J. Timmons–Mitchell. 1998. Blueprints for Violence Prevention, Book 6: Multisystemic Therapy. Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.

Hirschi, Travis. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.

———. 1995. “The Family.” In Crime, edited by James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia. San Francisco, Calif.: ICS Press.

Howell, James, C. (ed.) 1995. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Huizinga, D.; R. Loeber; and T.P. Thornberry. 1995. Recent Findings From the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Johnson, Dale L. 1991. “Primary Prevention of Behavior Problems in Young Children: The Houston Parent–Child Development Center.” In R. Price, E.L. Cohen, R.P. Lorion, and J. Ramoa–McKay (eds.). Fourteen Ounces of Prevention. American Psychological Association, 44–52.

Johnson, Dale L., and James N. Breckenridge. 1982. “The Houston Parent–Child Development Center and the Primary Prevention of Behavior Problems in Young Children.” American Journal of Community Psychology, 10:305–16.

Johnson, Dale L., and Todd Walker. 1987. “Primary Prevention of Behavior Problems in Mexican–American Children.” American Journal of Community Psychology, 15:375–85.

Kazdin, A.E.; T.C. Siegel; and D. Bass. 1992. “Cognitive Problem-Solving Skills Training and Parent Management Training in the Treatment of Antisocial Behavior in Children.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60:733–47.

Kitzman, H.; D.L. Olds; K. Sidora; C.R. Henderson; C. Hanks; R. Cole; S.W. Luckey; J. Bondy; K. Cole; and J. Glazner. 2000. JAMA, 283(15):1983–89.

Kroupa, S.E. 1988. “Perceived Parental Acceptance and Female Juvenile Delinquency.” Adolescence 23(89):171–285.

Kumpfer, K.L. 1999. Strengthening America’s Families: Exemplary Parenting and Family Strategies for Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Kumpfer, K.L., and R. Alvarado. 1995. “Strengthening Families to Prevent Drug Use in Multiethnic Youth.” In G. Botvin, S Schinke, and M. Orlandi (eds.). Drug Abuse Prevention With Multiethnic Youth. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 253–92.

Kumpfer, K.L., and R. Alvarado. 1997. Effective Family Strengthening Interventions. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Kumpfer, K.L., and C.W. Turner. 1990–91. “The Social Ecology Model of Adolescent Substance Abuse: Implications for Prevention.” The International Journal of the Addictions, 25(4a), 435–63.

Liaw, F.; S.J. Meisels; and J. Brooks–Gunn. 1995. “The Effects of Experience of Early Intervention on Low Birthweight Premature Children: The Infant Health and Development Program.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 10(4):405–31.

Loeber, R., and T. Dishion. 1983. “Early Predictors of Male Delinquency: A Review.” Psychological Bulletin 94(1):68–99.

———. 1984. “Boys Who Fight at Home and School: Family Conditions Influencing Cross-Setting Consistency” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 52(5):759–68.

Loeber, R., and M. Stouthamer–Loeber. 1986. “Family Factors as Correlates and Predictors of Juvenile Conduct Problems and Delinquency.” In M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds.). Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol. 7. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 29–149.

McCord, J. 1983. “A 40-Year Perspective on Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect.” Abuse and Neglect 7:265–70.

McElroy, Pat, and Cynthia Goodsoe. 1998. “Family Group Decision Making Offers Alternative Approach to Child Welfare.” Youth Law News, XIX (3).

Minuchin, S. 1974. Families and Family Therapy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Molgaard, Virginia K., Richard L. Spoth, and Cleve Redmond. 2000. “Competency Training, the Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10–14.” Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: OJJDP.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. 1999. Drug Abuse and Addiction Research, the Sixth Triennial Report to Congress. Rockville, Md.

Newcomb, M.D., and P.M. Bentler. 1988. The Consequences of Adolescent Drug Use: Impact on the Lives of Young Adults. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

Nye, F.I. 1958. Family Relationships and Delinquent Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

O’Donnell, Olive M. 1999. Parents Helping Parents: A Guide for Action. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.

Patterson, G.R.; J.B. Reid; and T.J. Dishion. 1992. Antisocial Boys: A Social Interactional Approach, Vol. 4. Eugene, Ore.: Castalia.

Plomin, R.; H.M. Chipuer; and J.C. Loehlin. 1990. Behavioral genetics and personality. In L. A. Pervin (ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research. New York: The Guilford Press, 225–43.

Powell, J.Y., and D.A. Dosser. 1992. “Structural Family Therapy as a Bridge Between ‘Helping Too Much’ and Empowerment.” Family Therapy 19(3):243–56.

Rosenthall, T., and A. Bandura. 1978. “Psychological Modeling: Theory and Practice.” In S. Garfield and A.E. Bergin (eds.). Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change: An Empirical Analysis. New York: John Wiley, 621–58.

Simons, R.L.; W. Chao; and R.D. Conger. 2001. “Quality of Parenting as Mediator of the Effect of Childhood Defiance on Adolescent Friendship Choices and Delinquency: A Growth Curve Analysis.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 63:63–79.

Simons, R.L.; C.A. Johnson; R.D. Conger; and G.H. Elder, Jr. 1998. “A Test of Latent Trait Versus Life Course Perspective on the Stability of Adolescent Antisocial Behavior.” Criminology 36: 217–44.

Snyder, J., and G. Patterson. 1987. Family Interaction and Delinquent Behavior. In Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency, edited by H.C. Quay. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 216–43.

Stanton, M.D., and T. Todd. 1982. “Principles and Techniques for Getting Resistance Families Into Treatment.” In M.D. Stanton and T. Todd (eds.). The Family Therapy of Drug Abuse and Addiction. New York: Guilford.

Stewart, E.; R.L. Simons; R.D. Conger; and L. Scaramella. 2002. “Beyond the Interactional Relationship Between Delinquency and Parenting Practices: The Contribution of Legal Sanctions.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 39(1):36–59.

Szapocznik, J. 1997. “Cultural Competence and Family Program Implementation.” Plenary Session Presented at the OJJDP–University of Utah Third National Training Conference on Strengthening America’s Families. March 23–25. Washington, DC.

Szapocznik, J. , and W.M. Kurtines. 1989. Breakthroughs in Family Therapy With Drug-Abusing and Problem Youth. New York: Springer.

Szapocznik, J. ; W.M. Kurtines; F.H. Foote; and A. Perez–Vidal. 1983. “Conjoint Versus One-Person Family Therapy: Some Evidence for the Effectiveness of Conducting Family Therapy Through One Person.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 51, 889–99.

Thornberry, Terence P. 1987. “Toward an Interactional Theory of Delinquency.” Criminology 25:863–91.

Videon, T. 2002. “The Effects of Parent–Adolescent Relationships and Parental Separation on Adolescent Well-Being.” Journal of Family and Marriage 64:489–503.

Wells, L.E., and J.H. Rankin. 1991. “Families and Delinquency: A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Broken Homes.” Social Problems 38(1):71–83.

Gang Prevention

Baccaglini, W.F. 1993. Project Youth Gang–Drug Prevention: A Statewide Research Study. Rensselear, N.Y.: New York State Division of Youth.

Bureau of Justice Assistance. 1997. Improving the Nation’s Criminal Justice System: Findings and Results From State and Local Program Evaluations. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Boys and Girls Clubs of Greater Fort Worth. 1996. Comin’ Up Gang Intervention Program. Project Report. Fort Worth, Texas.

Braga, Anthony A., and David M. Kennedy. 2002. “Reducing Gang Violence in Boston.” In Winifred L. Reed and Scott H. Decker (eds.). Responding to Gangs: Evaluation and Research. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Bursik, R.J., and H.G. Grasmick. 1993. Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimension of Effective Community Control. New York: Lexington Books.

Catalano, R.F., and J.D. Hawkins. 1995. Risk Focused Prevention: Using the Social Development Strategy. Seattle: Developmental Research and Programs, Inc.

Cohen, M.; K. Williams; A. Bekelman; and S. Crosse. 1994. National Evaluation of the Youth Gang Drug Prevention Program. Final Report. Bethesda, Md.: DSG, Inc.

Curry G.D. 1996. “National Youth Gang Surveys: a Review of Methods and Findings.” Unpublished. Tallahassee, Fla.: Report prepared by the National Youth Gang Center.

Curry, G.D., and S.H. Decker. 1998. Confronting Gangs: Crime and the Community. Los Angeles: Roxbury.

Curry, G.D.; R.A. Ball; and S.H. Decker. 1996. “Estimating the National Scope of Gang Crime From Law Enforcement Data.” In C.R. Huff (ed.), Gangs in America (second ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.

———. 1996. “Estimating the National Scope of Gang Crime From Law Enforcement Data.” NIJ Research in Brief August 1996. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Curry, G.D., and L.A. Spergel. 1988. “Gang Homicide, Delinquency, and Community.” Criminology 26:381–405.

Decker, S.H. 2002. “A Decade of Gang Research: Findings of the National Institute of Justice Gang Portfolio.” In Reed and Decker (ed.), Responding to Gangs: Evaluation and Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Decker, S.H., and G.D. Curry. 1999. “Gang Prevention and Intervention With African American Males.” In L.E. Davis (ed.) Working with African American Males: A Guide to Practice. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Decker, S.H., and B. Van Winkle. 1996. Life in the Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.

Dryfoos, J.G. 1990. Adolescents at Risk: Prevalence and Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press.

Egley, A., and M. Arjunan. 2002. “Highlights of the 2000 National Youth Gang Survey.” February 2002. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Esbensen, Finn–Aage, and D. Huizinga. 1993. “Gangs, Drugs, and Delinquency in a Survey of Urban Youth.” Criminology 31:565–89.

Esbensen, Finn–Aage, and D. Wayne Osgood 1999. “Gang Resistence Education and Training (GREAT): Results From the National Evaluation.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36(2):194–225.

Esbensen, Finn–Aage, Dana Peterson, Adrienne Freng, and Terrance J. Taylor. 2002. “Initiation of Drug Use, Drug Sales, and Violent Offending Among a Sample of Gang and Nongang Youth.” In R. Ronald Huff (ed.) Gangs in America, Third Edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Feyerherm, W.; C. Pope; and R. Lovell. 1992. “Youth Gang Prevention and Early Intervention Programs.” Final Research Report. Executive Summary. Portland, Ore.: Portland State University, 1992.

Grizenko, N., and C. Fisher. 1992. “Review of Studies of Risk and Protective Factors for Psychopathology in Children.” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 37:711–21.

Hawkins, J.D., and R.F. Catalano. 1992. Communities That Care. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey–Bass.

Hill, K.G.; J.D. Hawkins; R.F. Catalano; R. Kosterman; R. Abbott; and T. Edwards. 1996. “The Longitudinal Dynamics of Gang Membership and Problem Behavior: A Replication and Extension of the Denver and Rochester Gang Studies in Seattle.” Unpublished paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Chicago, Ill.

Howell, J.C. 1994. “Gangs.” Fact Sheet #12. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

———. 1995. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

———. 1998. “Abolish the Juvenile Court? Nonsense!” Juvenile Justice Update. February/March: 1–2–10–13.

———. 1999. “The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Huff, C.R. 1990. Gangs in America. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

———. 1993. “Gangs in the United States,” in A.P. Goldstein and C.R. Huff (eds.) The Gang Intervention Handbook. Champaign, Ill.: Research Press.

———. 1996. “The Criminal Behavior of Gang Members and Nongang, at-Risk Youth.” In C.R. Huff (ed.), Gangs in America. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

———. 1998. “Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth Gangs and at-Risk Youths.” Research in Brief. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Huizinga, W. 1997. “The Volume of Crime by Gang and Nongang Members.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Diego, Calif.

Humphrey, K.M., and P.R. Baker. 1994. “The GREAT Program: Gang Resistence Education and Training.” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, September, 1–4.

Jankowski, M. 1991. Islands in the Street: Gangs and American Urban Society. Berkeley, Calif.: University Press.

Justice Research and Statistics Association. 1994. State and Local Programs: Preventing Drug Abuse and Violent Crime. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Programs.

Kennedy, D.M.; A.M. Piehl; and A.A. Braga. 1996. “Youth Violence in Boston: Gun Markets, Serious Youth Offenders, and a Use-Reduction Strategy.” Law and Contemporary Problems 59(1):147–96.

Klein, M. 1995. The American Street Gang: Its Nature, Prevalence, and Control. Oxford.

Moore, J.P., and I.L. Cook 1999. Highlights of the 1998 National Youth Gang Survey. Fact Sheet #123. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Miller, W.B. 1992. Crime by Youth Gangs and Groups in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Palumbo, D.J., and J.L. Ferguson. 1995. “Evaluating Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT): Is the Impact the Same as That of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)?” Evaluation Review: A Journal of Applied Social Research. 19:597–619.

Pennell, S.; E. Evans; R. Melton; and S. Hinson. 1994. Down for the Set: Describing and Defining Gangs in San Diego. San Diego, Calif.: Criminal Justice Research Division, Association of Governments.

Reed, W., and S. Decker. 2002. Responding to Gangs: Evaluation and Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Sherman, L.; D. Gottfredson; D. MacKenzie; J. Eck; P. Reuter; and S. Bushway. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Spergel, I.A. 1990. “Youth Gangs: Continuity and Change.” In M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (Vol. 12). Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.

———. 1995. The Youth Gang Problem. New York: Oxford University Press.

Spergel, I.A., and A. Alexander. 1991. “A School-Based Model.” Draft Report Prepared for the National Youth Gang Suppression and Intervention Program by the School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago.

Spergel, I.A., and G.D. Curry. 1990. “Strategies and Perceived Agency Effectiveness in Dealing With the Youth Gang Problem.” In C.R. Huff (ed.), Gangs in America. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

Spergel, I.A.; R. Chance; K. Ehrensaft; T. Regulus; C. Kane; R. Laseter; A. Alexander; and S. Oh. 1994. Gang Suppression and Intervention: Community Models. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Spergel, I.A., and S.F. Grossman. 1997. “The Little Village Project: A Community Approach to the Gang Problem.” Social Work 42:456–70.

Thompson, D.W., and L.A. Jason. 1988. “Street Gangs and Preventive Interventions.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 15:323–33.

Thornberry, T. 1998. “Membership in Youth Gangs and Involvement in Serious and Violent Offending.” In Serious and Violent Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, (eds.) R. Loeber and D.P. Farrington. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Thornberry, T.P., and J.H. Burch. 1997. Gang Members and Delinquent Behavior. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Thornberry, T.P.; M.D. Krohn; A.J. Lizotte; and D. Chard–Wierschem. 1993. “The Role of Juvenile Gangs in Facilitating Delinquent Behavior.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30, 55–87.

Wilson, W.J. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.

Group Home

Chamberlain, P. and J.B. Reid. 1991. "Using a Specialized Foster Care Community Treatment Model for Children and Adolescents Leaving the State Mental

Hospital." Journal of Community Psychology . 19: 226-276.

Daly, Daniel L. 1996. "More Restrictive May be More Effective." Caring . Winter (1996): 2-9.

Dishion, T.J.; K.M. Spracklen; D.W. Andrews; and G.R. Patterson. 1996. "Deviancy in Training in Male Adolescent Friendships." Behavior Therapy . 27(3): 327-390.

Howell, James C. and Lipsey, Mark W. 2004. "Promising Sanctions Programs in a Graduated System." Juvenile Sanctions Center Training and Technical Assistance Bulletin . 1(4): 1-7. Washington, DC: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.

Howell, James C. 1998. "New Approaches to Juvenile Crime: The Promise of Graduated Sanctions in the Juvenile Justice System." Corrections Compendium . 23(9): 1-25.

Kirigin, K.A.; C.J. Braukmann; J.D. Atwater; and M.M. Wolf. "Evaluation of Teaching-Family (Achievement Place) Group Homes for Juvenile Offenders." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis . 15(1): 1-16.

Phillips, E. L., Phillips, E. A., Fixsen, D.L., & Wolf, M. M. (1974). The Teaching Family Handbook . Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Printing Service.

Rosenthal, J.; J.K. Motz; D.A. Edmonson; and V. Groze. 1991. "Descriptive Study of Abuse and Neglect in Out-of-Home Placement." Child Abuse and Neglect . 15(3): 249-269.

Rubenstein, J. S., Armentrout, J. A., Levin, S., & Herald, D. 1978. "The Parent-Therapist Program: Alternate Care for Emotionally Disturbed Children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48 , 654-662.

Satcher, David. 1999. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General . Washington, DC:

U.S. Public Health Service.

Gun Court

Arria, A., Wood, N., and Anthony, J.C. 1995. Prevalence of carrying a weapon and related behaviors in urban schoolchildren, 1989 to 1993. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 149: 1345–1350.

Sheppard, D. and P. Kelly. 2002. Juvenile Gun Courts: Promoting Accountability and Providing Treatment. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1996. Reducing Youth Gun Violence: An Overview of Programs and Initiatives. Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1999b. Promising Strategies To Reduce Gun Violence. Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Leadership and Youth Development

Shepherd, R.E., Jr. 1999. The juvenile court at 100 years: A look back. Juvenile Justice 6(2):13–21. Leadership and Youth Development
Bazemore, G., and C. Terry. 1997. “Developing Delinquent Youths: A Reintegrative Model for Rehabilitation and a New Role for the Juvenile Justice Systems.” Child Welfare 76(5):665–716.

Benson, P., and R. Saito. 2000. The Scientific Foundations of Youth Development. In Public/Private Ventures (ed.) Youth Development: Issues, Challenges, and Directions. Philadelphia, Pa.

Catalano, R.F.; M.L. Berglund; J.A.M. Ryan; H.C. Lonczak; and J.D. Hawkins. 1998. “Positive Youth Development in the United States: Research Findings on Evaluations of Positive Youth Development Programs.” Paper submitted to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation and National Institute for Child Health and Human Development.

Cognetta, P.V., and N.A. Sprinthall. 1978. “Students as Teachers: Role Taking as a Means of Promoting Psychological Development During Adolescence,” in N.A. Sprinthall and R.L. Mosher (eds.). Value Development as the Aim of Education. Schenectady, N.Y.: Character Research Press.

Conrad, D., and D. Hedin. 1981. National Assessment of Experiential Education: A Final Report. St. Paul, Minn.: University of Minnesota.

Elliott, D. 1993. “Serious Violent Offenders: Onset, Developmental Course, and Termination.” American Society of Criminology 1993 Presidential Address. Criminology 32:1–10.

Newman, F.M., and R.A. Rutter. 1983. The Effects of High School Community Service Programs on Students’ Social Development. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin.

Rutter, M. 1985. “Resilience in the Face of Adversity: Protective Factors and Resistance to Psychiatric Disorder.” British Journal of Psychiatry 147:598–611.

Scales, P. 1999. “Reducing Risks and Building Developmental Assets: Essential Actions for Promoting Adolescent Health.” Journal of School Health 69(3):113–19.

Scales, P., and N. Leffert. 1999. Developmental Assets: A Synthesis of the Scientific Research on Adolescent Development. Minneapolis, Minn.: Search Institute.

Schartz; R. 2000. Juvenile Justice and Positive Youth Development. In Public/Private Ventures (ed.). Youth Development: Issues, Challenges, and Directions. Philadelphia, Pa.

Werner, E.E. 1986. “Resilient Offspring of Alcoholics: A Longitudinal Study from Birth to Age 18.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 47:34–40.

Mediation

Araki, C.T.; C. Takeshita; and L. Kadomoto. 1989. Research Results and Final Report for the Dispute Management in the Schools Project. Honolulu, Hawaii: Program on Conflict Resolution, University of Hawaii, Manoa.

Cohen, Richard. 1995. Students Resolving Conflict: Peer Mediation in Schools. 1995. Glenview, Ill.: GoodYear Books.

Daunic, A.P.; S.W. Smith; T.R. Robinson; M.D. Miller; and K.L. Landry. 2000. “Implementing Schoolwide Conflict Resolution and Peer Mediation Programs: Experiences in Three Middle Schools.” Intervention in School & Clinic, 36(2):94–100.

Elliott, Delbert S. 2003. “Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General 2001.” Presentation given at Governor’s Conference, Seattle, Wash., Sept. 23.

Gerber, S., and B. Terry–Day. 1999. “Does Peer Mediation Really Work?” ASCA: Professional School Counseling, 2–3:169–71.

Gottfredson, Denise. 1987. “An Evaluation of an Organization Development Approach to Reducing School Disorder,” Education Review 11:739–63.

———. “School-Based Crime Prevention.” In Lawrence W. Sherman and others. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. Report to the U.S. Congress, prepared for the National Institute of Justice.

Hanson, M. K. 1994. “A Conflict Resolution/Student Mediation Program: Effects on Student Attitudes and Behaviors.” ERS Spectrum 12:9–14.

Howell, J.C. 1998. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Johnson, D.W., and R.T. Johnson. 1996. “Conflict Resolution and Peer Mediation Programs in Elementary and Secondary Schools: A Review of the Research.” Review of Educational Research 66:459–06.

LeBoeuf, Donni, and Robin March Delany–Shabazz. 1997. “Conflict Resolution.” Fact Sheet #55. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Long, J. L.; W.V. Fabricus; M. Mushino; and D. and Palumbo. 1998. “Exploring the Cognitive and Affective Capacities of Child Mediators in a ‘Successful’ Inner-City Peer Mediation Program.” Mediation Quarterly 15:289–302.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1998. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Defenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

Ohio Commission on Dispute Resolution and Conflict Management. 1996. Conflict Management in Schools: Sowing Seeds for a Safer Society. Columbus, Ohio.

Stovell, Karienne (ed.). 1999. Prevention Programs for Youth: A Guide to Outcomes Evaluation, Successful Funding. Rhode Island: Manisses Communications Group.

Tolan, P., and N. Guerra. 1994. What Works in Reducing Adolescent Violence: An Empirical Review of the Field. Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado.

U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Department of Education. 1999. 1998 Annual Report on School Safety. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

Weiss, F.L., and H.J. Nicholson. 1998. “Friendly PEERsuasion Against Substance Use: The Girls Incorporated Model and Evaluation.” In J. Valentine, J. DeJong, and N. Kennedy. Substance Abuse Prevention in Multicultural Communities, New York: Haworth Press.

Mentoring

Bernard, B. 1992. Mentoring Programs for Urban Youth: Handle with Care. Portland, Ore: Western Regional Center for Drug-Free Schools and Communities.

Brown, R.S. 1996. Challenges and Potential of Mentoring At-Risk Students: A Literature Review. ERS Spectrum.

Center for Substance Abuse Prevention 2000. Mentoring Initiatives: An Overview of Mentoring. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.

Freedman, M. 1993. The Kindness of Strangers: Adult Mentors, Urban Youth and the New Volunteerism. San Francisco: Jossey–Bass.

Grossman, J.B., and E.M. Garry. 1997. Mentoring—A Proven Delinquency Prevention Strategy. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Hawkins, J.D., and R.F. Catalano. 1992. Communities That Care. San Francisco: Jossey–Bass.

Herrera, C.; C.L. Sipe; and W.S. McClanahan. 2000. Mentoring School-Age Children: Relationship Development in Community-Based and School-Based Programs. Philadelphia: Public–Private Ventures.

Herrera, C.; Z. Vang; and L. Gale. 2002. Group Mentoring: A Study of Mentoring Groups in Three Programs. Philadelphia: Public–Private Ventures.

LoSciuto, L.; A. Rajala; T. Townsend; and A.S. Taylor. 1996. “An Outcome Evaluation of Across Ages: An Intergenerational Mentoring Approach to Drug Prevention.” Journal of Adolescent Research 11(1):116–25.

Rak, C.F., and C.F. Patterson. 1996. “Promoting Resilience in At-Risk Children.” Journal of Counseling and Development 74(1) 368–73.

Tierny, J.P., and J. Grossman. 1995. Making a Difference: An Impact Study. Philadelphia: Public–Private Ventures.

U.S. Department of Justice. 1998. Juvenile Mentoring Program: 1998 Report to Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Werner, E.E. 1984. Resilient Children. Young Children 40(1) 68–72.

Other Community Strategies

American Public Health Association. 2000. “Handguns.” Fact Sheet: Accessed Online Oct. 20, 2000, at http://www.apha.org/legislative/factsheets/Hangun-fs.htm.

Arrendondo, S.; T. Aultman–Buttridge; T.P. Johnson; K.R. Williams; L. Ninneman; and K. Torp. 1999. Preventing Youth Handgun Violence: A National Study With Trends and Patterns for the State of Colorado. Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.

Associated Press. Aug. 9, 2000 (as cited by Join Together, Aug. 10, 2000). “Stop Handgun Violence” Section. New York. Gun Control Bill Signed Into Law. Accessed Online Aug. 10, 2000, at http://www.jointogether.org.

Black, G.S. 1989. Changing Attitudes Toward Drug Use. Rochester, N.Y.: Gordon S. Black Corporation.

Brewer, D.D.; J.D. Hawkins; R.F. Catalano; and H. Neckerman. 1995. “Preventing Serious, Violent and Chronic Juvenile Offending: A Review of Evaluations of Selected Strategies in Childhood, Adolescence, and the Community.” In J.C. Howell, B. Krisberg, J.D. Hawkins, and J.J. Wilson (eds.). A Sourcebook: Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, Inc.

Bureau of Justice Assistance. 1996. Bureau of Justice Assistance Annual Report—Fiscal Year 1995. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.

———. 1995. National Citizens’ Crime Prevention Campaign. BJA Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.

Catalano, R.F.; R. Loeber; and K.C. McKinney. 1999. “School and Community Interventions to Prevent Serious and Violent Offending.” OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin (October).

Colorado Coalition Against Gun Violence. 2000. “CAP Laws.” Online.

Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, CSPV Fact Sheet No. 16: “The Youth Violence Problem.” Accessed Online July 12,2000,at
http://www.colorado.edu/cspv/research/violence schools.html.

Davis, R.C., and A.J. Lurigio. 1996. Fighting Back: Neighborhood Antidrug Strategies. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.

Davis, R.C.; B.A. Smith; A.J. Lurigio; and W.G. Skogan. 1991. Community Responses to Crack: Grassroots Antidrug Programs. Report to the National Institute of Justice. New York: New York City Victim Services Agency.

Durkheim, Émile. 1903. Attachment to Social Groups. In Joseph E. Jacoby (ed.) Classics of Criminology, Second Edition (1994). Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.

East Bay Public Safety Corridor Partnership. N.d. Pro-Community Gun Laws: A Practical Guide. Oakland, Calif.: East Bay Public Safety Corridor Partnership.

Eric Review. 2000. “School Safety: A Collaborative Effort.” Educational Resource Information Center. Vol. 7, Issue 1.

Flynn, B.S.; J.K. Worden; R.H. Secker–Walker; G.J. Badger; and B.M. Geller. 1995. “Cigarette Smoking Prevention Effects of Mass Media and School Interventions Targeted to Gender and Age Groups.” Journal of Health Education 26:S–45–S–51.

Flynn, B.S.; J.K. Worden; R.H. Secker–Walker; G.J. Badger; B.M. Geller; and M.C. Costanza. 1992. “Prevention of Cigarette Smoking Through Mass Media Intervention and School Programs.”American Journal of Public Health 82(6):827–34.

Goodstadt, M.S. 1989. “Substance Abuse Curricula Versus School Drug Policies.” Journal of School Health 59:249–50.

Grossman, M.; D. Coate; and G.M. Arluck. 1987. “Price Sensitivity of Alcoholic Beverages in the United States: Youth Alcohol Consumption.” Advances in Substance Abuse: Behavioral and Biological Research; Supplement 1. Control Issues in Alcohol Abuse Prevention: Strategies for State and Communities. Greenwick, Conn.: JAI Press.

Hansen, K.J. 1991. “An Exploratory Study of the Extension of Local Empowerment Through Community Policing.” Unpublished paper.

Hawkins, J.D.; T.I. Herrenkohl; D.P. Farrington; D. Brewer; R.F. Catalano; T.W. Harachi; and L. Cothern. 2000. Predictors of Youth Violence. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Holder, H.D., and J.O. Blose. 1987. “Impact of Changes in Distilled Spirits Availability on Apparent Consumption: A Time Series Analysis of Liquor-by-the-Drink.” British Journal of Addiction 82:623–31.

Hunt, Dana E. 1990. “Drugs and Consensual Crimes: Drug Dealing and Prostitution.” In Michael Tonry and James Q. Wilson (eds.) Drugs and Crime. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press.

Hyndman, B.; N. Giesbrecht; D.R. Bernardi; N. Coston; R.R. Douglas; R.G. Ferrence; L. Gliksman; M.S. Godstadt; D.G. Graham; and P.D. Loranger. 1992. “Preventing Substance Abuse Through Multicomponent Community Action Research Projects: Lessons From Past Experiences and Challenges for Future Initiatives.” Contemporary Drug Problems 19:133–64.

Join Together. 2000a.” Maryland to Store Gun ‘Fingerprints.’” Accessed online Aug. 10, 2000, at http://www.jointogether.org.

———. 2000b. “Survey Reveals That Americans Want Stronger Regulation of Guns.” Accessed online Sept. 12, 2000, at http://www.jointogether.org.

Joyce Foundation. 2000. “Protecting the Children. Work in Progress.” Accessed online Aug. 10, 2000, at http://www.joycefdn.org/programs/gunviolence/gunfs.html.

Lindsay, B., and D. McGillis 1986. “Citywide Community Crime Prevention: An Assessment of the Seattle Program.” In D.P. Rosenbaum. Community Crime Prevention: Does It Work? Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, Inc., 46–67.

Loftin, C.; D. McDowall; and B. Wiersema. 1993. “Evaluating Effects of Changes in Gun Laws.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 9 (Supplement), 39–43.

Loftin, C.; D. McDowall; B. Wiersema; and T.I. Cottey. 1991. “Effects of Restrictive Licensing of Handguns on Homicide and Suicide in the District of Columbia.” New England Journal of Medicine 325:1615–20.

MacKenzie, Doris Layton, and Craig D. Uchida (eds). 1994. Drugs and Crime: Evaluating Public Policy Initiatives. California: Sage Publications.

Maguin, E.; J.D. Hawkins; R.F. Catalano; K. Hill; R. Abbott; and T. Herrenkohl. 1995. “Risk Factors Measured at Three Ages for Violence at Age 17–18.” Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology, November 1995, Boston, Mass.

Markowitz, Sara, and Michael Grossman. July, 1998. “Alcohol Regulation and Domestic Violence Toward Children.” Contemporary Economic Policy. Huntington Beach, Calif.: Western Economic Association.

Mazerolle, L; J. Price; and J. Roehl. 2000. “Civil Remedies: A Randomized Filed Trial in Oakland, California.” Evaluation Review 24(2):212–41.

McBride, Duane C., and Clyde B. McCoy. 1993. “The Drug–Crime Relationship: An Analytical Framework.” The Prison Journal, Vol. 73, Nos. 3 and 4, 257–78.

McDowall, D.; C. Loftin; and B. Wiersema. 1992. “A Comparative Study of the Preventive Effects of Mandatory Sentencing Laws for Gun Crimes.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 83:378–94.

Morbidity Mortality Weekly Reports. 1997. “Rates of Homicide, Suicide, and Firearm-Related Death Among Children—26 Industrialized Countries.” Vol. 46, No. 5, 101–05.

National Center for Health Statistics. 1997.

National Crime Prevention Council. 2000. Untitled Document. Accessed Online at
http://www.ncpc.org/catalyst/2000/008place.htm

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). “Best Practice Activities in a Safe Community.” Accessed Online Oct. 17, 2000 at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/search97cgi/s97_cgi.exe

New York State Senate Report. 1999. “Drug Crime.” Online. http://www.senate.state.ny.us, May 27.

North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. “Cultural Norms.” Accessed online July 13, 2000, at http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/envrnmnt/drugfree/4–1study.htm.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1995a. Guide to Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy. Washington, DC.

———. 1996b. Reducing Gun Violence: An Overview of Programs and Initiatives. Program Report. Washington, DC.

———. 1996c. “Reducing Demand Through Prevention.” Accessed online Aug. 30, 2000, at http//www.ojp.usdoj.gov/reports/96wg/prev.htm.

———. 1996d. Kids and Guns. 1999 National Report Series, Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC.

———. 1999a. Promising Profile No. 37, Gun Court. Providence, R.I.

———. 1999b. “Section VI: Strategies to Respond to Illegal Gun Use.” Promising Strategies to Reduce Gun Violence. Washington, DC.

———. 2000. “Chapter 8: Implement an Aggressive Outreach Campaign on Effective Strategies to Combat Juvenile Violence.” Accessed online Aug. 30, 2000, at http//www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/action/sec8.htm.

Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Youth Antidrug Media Campaign. Media Campaign Update Fact Sheets Investing In Our Nation’s Youth: The National Youth Antidrug Media Campaign Surpasses Expectations in Phase II. Accessed Online Oct. 17, 2000, at
http://www.mediacampaign.org/newsroom/080299/mcphase.html.

O’Malley, P.M., and A.C. Wagenaar. 1991. “Effects of Minimum Drinking Age Laws on Alcohol Use, Related Behaviors and Traffic Crash Involvement Among American Youth: 1976–87. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52:478–91.

Paschall, M.J. 1996. “Exposure to Violence and the Onset of Violent Behavior and Substance Use Among Black Male Youth: An Assessment of Independent Effects and Psychosocial Mediators.” Paper presented at the Society for Prevention Research, June 1996, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Pentz, M.A.; D.P. MacKinnon; B.R. Flay; W.B. Hansen; C.A. Johnson; J.H. Dwyer. 1989. “Primary Prevention of Chronic Diseases in Adolescence: Effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project on Tobacco Use.” American Journal of Epidemiology 130:713–24.

Perry, C.L.; S.H. Kelder; D.M. Murray; and K.–I. Klepp. 1992. “Communitywide Smoking Prevention: Long-Term Outcomes of the Minnesota Heart Health Program and Class of 1989 Study.” American Journal of Public Health 82:1210–16.

Perry, C.L.; K.–I. Klepp; and C. Sillers. 1989. “Communitywide Strategies for Cardiovascular Health: The Minnesota Heart Health Program Youth Program.” Health Education Research 4:87–101.

Pfau, Michael, and Roxanne Parrott. 1993. Persuasive Communication Campaigns. Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.

Pransky, J. 1991. Prevention: The Critical Need. Springfield, Mo.: Burrell Foundation and Paradigm Press.

Rosenbaum, D.P.; S.F. Bennett; B.D. Lindsay; D.L. Wilkinson; B.D. Davis; C. Taranowski; and P.J. Lavrakas. 1992. “Executive Summary: The Community Responses to Drug Abuse National Demonstraton Program Final Process Report.” Chicago, Ill.: Center for Research in Law and Justice, University of Illinois.

Rosenbaum, D.P.; D.A. Lewis.; and J.A. Grant. 1986. “Neighborhood-Based Crime Prevention: Assessing the Efficacy of Community Organizing in Chicago.” In D.P. Rosenbaum (ed.). Community Crime Prevention: Does It Work? Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, Inc.

Sampson, R. 1995. “The Community.” In J.Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia (eds.). Crime. San Francisco, Calif.: ICS Press, Inc.

Sampson, R.J., and J. Lauritsen. 1994. “Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 94:774-802.

Shaw, Clifford R., and Henry D. McKay. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sherman, L. 1997. “Communities and Crime Prevention.” Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. A Report to the United States Congress. L. Sherman, D. Gottfredson, D. MacKenzie, J. Eck, P. Reuter, and S. Bushway (eds.). Prepared for the National Institute of Justice by the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland.

Sloan, J.H.; A.I. Kellerman; D.T. Reay; J.A. Ferris; T. Koepsell; F.P. Rivara; C. Rice; L. Gray; and J. LoGerfo. 1988. “Handgun Regulations, Crime, Assaults, and Homicide: A Tale of Two Cities.” New England Journal of Medicine 319:1256–62.

Sutherland, Edwin H. 1947. Principles of Criminology, fourth edition. Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.

Tinzmann, M.B., and J. Hixon. 1992. What Does Research Say About Prevention? North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Accessed online July 13, 2000, at
http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/stw_esys/6prevntn.htm.

Tonry, Michael, and James Q. Wilson (eds.). Drugs and Crime. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press.

Vartiainen, E.; U. Pallonen; A. McAlister; K. Koskela; and P. Puska. 1986. “Four-Year Follow-Up Results of the Smoking Prevention Program in the North Karelia Youth Project.” Preventive Medicine 15:692–98.

Vartiainen, E.; U. Pallonen; A. McAlister; and P. and Puska. 1990. “Eight-Year Follow-Up Results of an Adolescent Smoking Prevention Program: The North Karelia Youth Project.” American Journal of Public Health 80:78–79.

Wagenaar, A.C., and Holder, H.D. 1991. “A Change From Public to Private Sale of Wine: Results From Natural Experiments in Iowa and West Virginia.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52:162–73.

Wallach, L.B. 1994. Violence and Young Children’s Development. Champaign, Ill.: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 369–578.

Parent Training

Alexander, J.F.; C. Barton; D. Gordon; J., Grotpeter; K. Hansson; R. Harrison; S. Mears; S. Mihalic; B. Parsons; C. Pugh; S. Schulman; H. Waldron; and T. Sexton. 1998. Blueprints for Violence Prevention, Book 3: Functional Family Therapy. Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.

Alexander, J.F., and B.V. Parsons. 1973. “Short-Term Behavioral Intervention With Delinquent Families: Impact on Family Process and Recidivism.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 81:219–25.

———. 1982. Functional Family Therapy: Principles and Procedures. Carmel, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.

Alvarado, R., and K. Kumpfer. 2000. Strengthening America’s Families. Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Baker, A., and C. Piotrkowski. 1995. HIPPY Implementation Report. New York: NCJW Center for the Child.

Benard, B. 1991. Fostering Resiliency in Kids: Protective Factors in the Family, School, and Community. Portland, Ore.: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.

Bridgeman, Brent, Janet B. Blumental, and Susan R. Andrews. 1981. Parent Child Development Center: Final Evaluation Report, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Human Development Services, Washington, DC.

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Ramey, C.T.; D.M. Bryant; B.H. Wasik; and others. 1992. “The Infant Health and Development Program for Low Birth Weight, Premature Infants: Program Elements, Family Participation, and Child Intelligence.” Pediatrics, 89(3):454–65.

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Szapocznik, J. 1997. “Cultural Competency and Family Program Implementation.” Plenary Session Presented at the OJJDP University of Utah, Third National Training Conference on Strengthening America's Families. Westin City Center, Washington DC, March 23–25, 1997.

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Szapocznik, J.; W.M. Kurtines; F.H. Foote; and A. Perez–Vidal. 1983. “Conjoint Versus One-Person Family Therapy: Some Evidence for the Effectiveness of Conducting Family Therapy Through One Person,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 889–99.

Thornberry, Terence P. 1994. “Violent Families and Youth Violence.” Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: OJJDP.

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Tremblay, R.E.; J. McCord; H. Boileau; P. Charlebois; C. Gagnon; M. LeBlanc; and S. Larivee. 1991. “Can Disruptive Boys Be Helped to Become Competent?” Psychiatry, 54:148–61.

Tremblay, R.E.; F. Vitaro; L. Bertrand; H., LeBlanc; H., Beauchesne; H., Boileau; and L. David. 1992. “Parent and Child Training to Prevent Early Onset of Delinquency: The Montreal Longitudinal-Experimental Study.” In J. McCord and R.E. Tremblay (eds.). Preventing Antisocial Behavior: Interventions From Birth Through Adolescence. New York: Guilford Press.

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Prevention Curricula

Araki, C.T.; C. Takeshita; and L. Kadomoto. 1989. “Research Results and Final Report for the Dispute Management in the Schools Project.” Honolulu, Hawaii: Program on Conflict Resolution, University of Hawaii, Manoa.

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Bandura, A., and Emilio Ribes–Inesta. 1976. Analysis of Delinquency and Aggression. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Botvin, G.J. 1990. “Substance Abuse Prevention: Theory, Practice, and Effectiveness.” In Michael Tonry and James Q. Wilson (eds.). Drugs and Crime. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press.

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Byrns, B.J. 2003. Treatment, Services, and Intervention Programs for Child Delinquents. Child Delinquency Bulletin Series, NCJ 193410.

Catalano, Richard F., Rolf Loeber, and Kay C. McKinney. 1999. “School and Community Interventions to Prevent Serious and Violent Offending.” Juvenile Justice Bulletin, October 1999. NCJ 177624. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP).

The Center for Mental Health Services Knowledge Exchange Network. 1999. “Examples of Exemplary/Promising Programs.” Draft—Feb. 26. Online. http://www.mentalhealth.org/specials/schoolviolence/Irenelis.htm.

Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. 1999. “Understanding Substance Abuse Prevention: Toward the 21st Century: A Primer on Effective Programs.” Online. http://www.samhsa.gov/csap/modelprograms/ Accessed August 2000.

Central Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies. 2000. Across Ages. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, July 15.

Coker, J.K., and L.D. Borders. 2001. “An Analysis of Environmental and Social Factors Affecting Adolescent Problem Drinking.” Journal of Counseling and Development 79:200–208.

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Eisen, Marvin, Christina Pallitto, Carolyn Bradner, and Natalya Bolshun. 2000. Teen Risk-Taking: Promising Prevention Programs and Approaches. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Available online at http://www.urban.org/family/TeenRiskTaking_2.html.

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Eric Review. 2000. “School Safety: A Collaborative Effort. Education Resource Information Center.” Vol. 7, Issue 1.

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Maguin, E., and R. Loeber. 1996. “Academic Performance and Delinquency.” In Michael Tonry (ed.). Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Vol. 20. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. As cited by Catalano and others, 1999. “School and Community Interventions to Prevent Serious and Violent Offending.” OJJDP Bulletin, October.

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Midwest Regional Center for Drug-Free Schools and Communities. 1994. “Study Focuses on Successful Prevention Programs.” Midwest Forum, Vol. 4, No. 1. Online. NCREL North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/envrnmnt/drugfree/4–1study.htm.

Miller, D.W. 2001. “D.A.R.E. Reinvents Itself With Help From Its Social-Scientist Critics.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Oct. 19.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. 1997. Some Research-Based Drug Abuse Prevention Programs. NIDA Prevention Brochure. Online:165.112.78.61/Prevention/PROGRM.html, April 2.

National Parents’ Resource Institute for Drug Education. 1998. Summary of Results—Students’ Survey. Atlanta: Pride, Inc.

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O’Donnell, Julie, J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano, Robert D. Abbot, and Edward Day. 1995. “Preventing School Failure, Drug Use, and Delinquency Among Low-Income Children: Long-Term Intervention in Elementary Schools.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65:87–100.

OJJDP. 1993. Strengthening America’s Families: Promising Parenting Strategies for Delinquency Prevention. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 49–50.

———. 1998. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Offenders. Washington, DC.

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Sherman, Lawrence. 2000. The Safe and Drug Free Schools Program. Brookings Papers on Education Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 125–71. Available Online at http://brookings.nap.edu/books/0815773579/html/R3.html.

Stovell, Karienne (ed). 1999. Prevention Programs for Youth: A Guide to Outcomes Evaluation, Successful Funding. Rhode Island: Manisses Communications Group.

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Sutherland, E.H., and D.R. Cressey. 1970. Criminology. Eighth edition. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Company.

Tinzmann, M.B., and J. Hixon. 1992. “What Does Research Say About Prevention?” North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Online: http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/stw_esys/6prevntn.htm. Accessed July 13, 2000.

Today’s School Digest. 1998. “Violence Prevention: New Study Assesses School Violence Prevention Programs.” Vol. 1, No. 12 (July).

Tonry, Michael, and James Q. Wilson (eds.). 1990. Drugs and Crime. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.

U.S. Department of Education. 1998. Tools for Schools: School Reform Models Supported by the National Institute on At-Risk Students. Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

———. 2003. “The Challenge. Prevention in Context: What Works, and Under What Conditions?” Communications initiative of the U.S. Department of Education’s Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program. Article adapted from the presentation “School-Based Prevention of Problem Behavior: What Works . . . Under What Conditions?” by Denise C. Gottfredson and Gary D. Gottfredson at the Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program 2001 national technical assistance meeting, Washington, DC. Accessed online June 3, 2003, at http://www.thechallenge.org/5-December%202001/dec01_previncontext.htm.

U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Justice. 1999. 1998 Annual Report on School Safety. Washington, DC.

Weiss, F.L., and H.J. Nicholson. 1998. Friendly PEERsuasion Against Substance Use: The Girls Incorporated Model and Evaluation in J. Valentine, J. DeJong, and N. Kennedy. Substance Abuse Prevention in Multicultural Communities. New York: Haworth Press.

Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies. 1999. Best Practices and Promising Practices: Guide to Building a Successful Prevention Program, Second Edition. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.

Winfield, Linda F. 1994. “Developing Resilience in Urban Youth.” North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, NCREL Urban Education Program.

Wyrick, David, Cheryl Hayworth, Daniel L. Bibeau, and Melodie Fearnow–Kenney. 2001. “Coverage of Adolescent Substance Abuse Prevention in State Frameworks for Health Education.” The Journal of School Health 7(9):437–42.

Prevention Services

Bilchik, S. 1998. Mental Health Disorders and Substance Abuse Problems Among Juveniles. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Breda, C.S. 1995. “Delinquency and Mental Illness: The Intersection of Problems and System.” In Eighth Annual Research and Training Center Conference Proceedings, Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida.

Center for Mental Health Services. 1997. “Children’s and Adolescents’ Mental Health.” Online Fact Sheet. Available at: www.mentalhealth.org/publications/allpubs/CA-0004/C&amh.htm.

Cocozza, J. 1992. Responding to the Mental Health Needs of Youth in the Juvenile Justice System. Seattle, Wash.: The National Coalition for the Mentally Ill in the Criminal Justice System.

Elliott, D.S.; D. Huizinga; and S. Menard. 1989. Multiple Problem Youth: Delinquency, Substance Use, and Mental Health Problems. New York, N.Y.: Springer–Verlag.

Fagan, J. 1991. Community-Based Treatment for Mentally Disordered Juvenile Offenders. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 20(1):42–50.

Hollender, H., and Turner, F. 1985. “Characteristics of Incarcerated Delinquents: Relationship Between Developmental Disorders, Environmental and Family Factors, and Patterns of Offense and Recidivism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 24(2):221–26.

Huizinga, D.; R. Loeber; T. Thornberry; and L. Cothern. 2000. Co-Occurrence of Delinquency and Other Problem Behaviors. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

Kelley, B.T.; T.P. Thornberry; and C.A. Smith. 1997. In the Wake of Childhood Maltreatment. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, OJJDP.

Kracke, K. 2001. Children’s Exposure to Violence: The Safe Start Initiative. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.

McManus, M.; N. Alessi; W. Grapentine; and A. Brickman. 1984. “Psychiatric Disturbance in Serious Delinquents.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 23(5):602–15.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 2000. Safe from the Start: Taking Action on Children Exposed to Violence (Summary). Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. N.d. “Abstract of Early SESS Findings.” http://www.health.org/promos/sess/abstract.pdf.

Wiebush, R.; R. Freitag; and C. Baird. 2001. Preventing Delinquency Through Improved Child Protection Services. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Yoshikawa, H. 1994. “Prevention as Cumulative Protection: Effects of Early Family Support and Education on Chronic Delinquency and Its Risks.” Psychological Bulletin 115:28–54.

Probation and Intensive Supervision

Barton W.; and J. Butts. 1990. “Viable Options: Intensive Supervision Programs for Juvenile Delinquents.” Crime and Delinquency 36(2): 238–56.

Byrne, J.M., & Kelly, L.M. (1989). Restructuring probation as an intermediate sanction: An evaluation of the Massachusetts intensive probation supervision program: final report to the National Institute of Justice. Lowell, MA: University of Lowell, Department of Criminal Justice.

Erwin, B. 1986. Final Report of the Georgia Intensive Probation Supervision Project. Atlanta, Ga.: Department of Corrections.

Greenwood, P.W. 1996. Responding to juvenile crime: lessons learned. The Future of Children 6(3): 75-85.

Griffin, P. 1999. Developing and Administering Accountability-Based Sanctions for Juveniles. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Jolin, A.; and B. Stipack. 1991. Clackamas County Community Corrections Intensive Drug Program: Program Evaluation Report. Portland, Ore.: Portland State University, Department of Administration of Justice.

Krisberg, B.; J. Austin;. and P. Steele. 1989. Unlocking Juvenile Corrections. San Francisco, Calif.: NCCD.

Krisberg, B.; D. Neuenfeldt; R. Wiebush; and O. Rodriguez. 1994. Juvenile Intensive Supervision: Planning Guide, Program Summary. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Kurlychek, M., Torbet, P., & Bozynski, M. (1999). Focus on accountability: Best practices for juvenile court and probation (JAIBG Bulletin). Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U. S. Department of Justice.

Land, McCall, and Williams. 1990. Something that works in juvenile justice. Evaluation Review, 14, 6:574-606.
Latessa, E. 1993. “An Evaluation of the Lucas County Adult Probation Department’s IDU and High-Risk Groups.” Unpublished manuscript. Cincinnati, Ohio: University of Cincinnati.

Pearson, F. 1987. Research on New Jersey’s Intensive Supervision Program. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Petersilia, J.; and S. Turner. 1993. Evaluating Intensive Supervision Probation/Parole: Results of a Nationwide Experiment. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Roush, D.W. (1996). Juvenile Detention Training Needs Assessment: Research Report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice.

Safe and Responsive Schools Project. 2002. School-Based Probation Officers. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs.

Sherman, Lawrence W., Denise Gottfredson, Doris MacKenzie, John Eck, Peter Reuter, and Shawn Bushway. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t What’s Promising, A Report to the United States Congress. College Park, Md.: University of Maryland.

Wiebush, Richard G. (1993). Juvenile intensive supervision: The inpact on felony offenders diverted from institutional placement. Crime & Delinquency 39(1): 68-90.

Torbet, P.M. 1996. Juvenile Probation: The Workhorse of the Juvenile Justice System. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Reentry Court

Farole, D. 2003. The Harlem Parole Reentry Court Evaluation: Implementation and Preliminary
Impacts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance.

Lindquist, C., J. Hardison and P. Lattimore. 2003. Reentry Courts Process Evaluation (Phase 1),
Final Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institie of Justice.

Lynch, James P. and William J. Sabol. 2001. Prisoner Reentry in Perspective. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy

Petersilia, J. 1999. “Parole and Prisoner Reentry in the United States,” In Prisons: Crime and
Justice, ed. Michael Tonry and Joan Petersilia. The University of Chicago Press.

Petersilia, J. 2000. “Parole and Prisoner Reentry in the United States.” Perspectives 24(3): 32–
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Petersilia, J. 2000. “Prisoners Returning to Communities: Political, Economics, and Social
Consequences,” Sentencing and Corrections: Issues for the 21st Century. National Institute of
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Petersilia, J. 2000. When Prisoners Return to the Community: Political, Economic, and Social
Consequences. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs,
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Residential Treatment Centers

Gordon, Jill A. 2000. "Impact of Juvenile Residential Treatment Center on Minority Offenders." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice . 16(2): 194-208.

Howell, James C. 1998. "New Approaches to Juvenile Crime: The Promise of Graduated Sanctions in the Juvenile Justice System." Corrections Compendium . 23(9): 1-25.

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Satcher, David. 1999. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General . Washington, DC: U.S. Public Health Service.

Restitution

Butts, J.; and H. Snyder. 1992. Restitution and Juvenile Recidivism. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Byrne, J.; and L. Kelley. 1989. Restructuring Probation as an Intermediate Sanction: Evaluation of the Massachusetts Intensive Supervision Program. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Ervin L.; and A. Schneider. 1990. “Explaining the Effects of Restitution on Offenders: Results From a National Experiment in Juvenile Courts.” In B. Galaway and J. Hudson (eds.), Criminal Justice, Restituion, and Reconciliation. New York, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press.

Schneider, A. 1986. “Restitution and Recidivism Rates of Juvenile Offenders: Results From Four Experimental Studies.”Criminology 24(3): 533–52.

Schneider, A.; and M. Finkelstein. 1998. RESTTA: National Directory of Restitution and Community Service Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Schneider, A.; and P. Schneider. 1984. “A Comparison of Programmatic and Ad Hoc Restitution in Juvenile Courts.” Justice Quarterly 1(4): 529–48.

School/Classroom Environment

Catalano, Richard F., Rolf Loeber, and Kay C. McKinney. 1999. “School and Community Interventions to Prevent Serious and Violent Offending.” Juvenile Justice Bulletin, October. NCJ 177624. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Gottfredson, Denice C., and Gary D. Gottfredson. 1985. “Youth Employment, Crime, and Schooling: A Longitudinal Study of a National Sample,” Developmental Psychology 21:419–32.

Midwest Regional Center for Drug-Free Schools and Communities. 1994. “Study Focuses on Successful Prevention Programs.” Midwest Forum, Vol. 4, No. 1. NCREL North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/envrnmnt/drugfree/4–1study.htm.

Northeast Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies. 1999. School-Based Prevention: Critical Components. Education Development Center, Inc.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1998. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Offenders. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

———. 1999. “School and Community Interventions to Prevent Serious and Violent Offending.” Juvenile Justice Bulletin.

Sherman, L.; D. Gottfredson; D. MacKenzie; J. Eck; P. Reuter; and S. Bushway. 1998. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. A Report to the U.S. Congress, prepared for the National Institute of Justice.

U.S. Department of Education. 1998. Tools for Schools: School Reform Models Supported by the National Institute on at-Risk Students. Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

Voelkl, K.E., and M.R. Frone. 2000. Predictors of Substance Abuse at School Among High School Students.

School-Based Probation

Clouser, M. 1995. “School-Based Juvenile Probation: Everyone Benefits.” School Safety Update. Westlake Village, Calif.: National School Safety Center.

Metzger, D. 1997. School-Based Probation in Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania, Center for Studies of Addiction.

Stephens, R.; and J. Arnette. 2000. From the Courthouse to the Schoolhouse: Making a Successful Transition. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Torbett, P.; R. Ricci; C. Brooks; and S. Zawacki. 2001. Evaluation of Pennsylvania’s School-Based Probation Program. Pittsburgh, Pa.: National Center for Juvenile Justice.

Shelter Care

DeLange, C. 1986. "Family Place Children's Therapeutic Program." Children Today . 15(2):12-15.

Gershowitz, M. and A. McFarlane. " The Therapeutic Potential of Emergency Shelters." In "James P. Anglin and others (eds.). Perspectives in Professional Child and Youth Care , 95-103.

National Association of Social Workers. 1991. Findings from a National Survey of Shelters for Runaway and Homeless Youth . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Petry, S. and H. Avent. 1992. "The Stepping Stone: A Haven for Displaced Youth." In Marjorie Robertson and Milton Greenblatt (eds.). Homelessness: A National Perspective. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 299-305.

Teare, John F., David Furst, Roger W. Peterson, and Karen Authier. 1992. "Family Reunification Following Shelter Placement: Child, Family, and Program Correlates." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry . 62(1): 142-146.

Teare, John F., Roger W. Peterson, David Furst, Karen Authier, Gina Baker, and Daniel L. Daly. (1994). "Treatment Implementation in a Short-Term Emergency Shelter Program." Child Welfare. LXXIII (3): 271-281.

Teare, John F., Karen Authier, and Roger Peterson. 1994. "Differential Shelter Placement as a Function of Severity and Type." Journal of Child and Family Studies . 3(1): 7-22.

Teaching Family Home

Fixsen, Dean L. and Karen A. Blasé. 2002. Publications Regarding the Teaching-Family Model . An unpublished report prepared for the Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute at the University of South Florida.

Kirigin, K.A.; C.J. Braukmann; J.D. Atwater; and M.M. Wolf. 1982. "Evaluation of Teaching-Family (Achievement Place) Group Homes for Juvenile Offenders." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis . 15(1): 1-16.

Levitt, J.L. 1981. J.L. Levitt, T.M. Young, and D.M Pappenfort. Achievement Place: The Teaching Family Model in a Group Home Setting . A Report of the National Juvenile Assessment Centers . Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Lipsey, Mark W.; David B. Wilson; Lynn Cothern. 2000. Effective Interventions for Serious Juvenile Offenders . Bulletin. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Ohio Family Teaching Association. TFH Fact Sheet. Available online at: http://www.otfa.org/pweb/history.htm

Therapeutic Community

Castelleno, T.C. and R. Beck. 1991. "A Cross Classification of Prison Substance Abuse Program Models." Journal of Crime and Justice . XIV (1): 123-144.

Cowles, Ernest and Laura Gransky Dorman. 2001. Process Evaluation of the Therapeutic Community Initiative at the Illionois Department of Corrections. Illinois Youth Center-St. Charles . An unpublished final report prepared for the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

DeLeon, G. The Therapeutic Community: Theory, Model, and Method . New York: Springer Publishing.

Garret, C.J. 1985. "Effects of Residential Treatment of Adjudicated Delinquents." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency . 22:287-308.

Lipsey, 1991. Juvenile Delinquency Treatment: A Meta-Analytic Inquiry into the Variability of Effects. In Meta-Analysis for Explanation: A Casebook . New York, NY: Russell Sage.

Mello, D. O., F. Pechansky, J.A. Inciardi, H.L. Surratt. 1997. "Participant Observation of a Therapeutic Community Model for Offenders in Drug Treatment. " Journal of Drug Issues . 27(2):299-314.

Mullen, R., N. Arbiter, and P. Glider. 1991. "Comprehensive Therapeutic Community Approach for Chronic Substance Abusing Juvenile Offenders: The Amity Model." In Troy Armtrong (ed.). Intensive Interventions with High Risk Youths . Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press.

Sealock, M.D. ; D.C. Gottfredson; and C.A. Gallagher. 1997. "Drug Treatment for Juvenile Offenders: Some Good and Bad News." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 34(2): 210-236.

Wexler, H.K., G. DeLeon, G. Thomas, D. Kessel, and J. Peters. 1999. The Amity Prison TC Evaluation. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 26(2): 147-167.

Teen Court

Butts, J.; and J. Buck. 2000. Teen Courts: A Focus on Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Butts J.; J. Buck; and M. Coggeshall. 2002. The Impact of Teen Court on Young Offenders. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.

Godwin, T. 1998. Peer Justice and Youth Empowerment: An Implementation Guide for Teen Court Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

———. 2000. National Youth Court Guidelines. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

LoGalbo, A. 1998. “Is Teen Court a Fair and Effective Juvenile Crime Diversion Program?” Unpublished manuscript. Tampa, Fla.: University of South Florida, New College.

McLeod, M. 1999. “Satisfaction With Youth Court Proceedings: A Follow-Up Analysis of the Colonie (N.Y.) Youth Court.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Toronto, Ontario.

Minor, K.; J.B. Wells; I.R. Soderstrom; R. Bingham; and D. Williamson. 1999. “Sentence Completion and Recidivism Among Juveniles Referred to Teen Courts.” Crime and Delinquency 45:467–80.

Swink, M.I. 1998. “Onondaga County Youth Court Recidivism Rates.” Unpublished manuscript. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs.

Wells, J.; K. Minor; and J. Fox. 1998. An Evaluation of Kentucky’s 1997–98 Teen Court Program. Richmond, Ky.: Eastern Kentucky University, Center for Criminal Justice Education and Research.

Truancy Prevention

Baker, M.L.; J.N. Sigmon; and M.E. Nugent. 2001. Truancy Reduction: Keeping Students in School. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Bartlett, Larry, and others. 1978. “Absences: A Model Policy and Rule.” Des Moines, Iowa: Iowa State Department of Public Instruction.

Bell, A.J.; L.A. Rosen; and D. Dynlacht. 1994. “Truancy Intervention.” The Journal of Research and Development in Education 57(3):203–11.

Cantelon, S., and D. LeBoef. 1997. Keeping Young People in School: Community Programs That Work. Washington, DC: OJJDP.

Catalano, F.R.; M.W. Arthur; J.D. Hawkins, J.D.; L. Berglund; and J.J. Olson. 1998. “Comprehensive Community- and School-Based Interventions to Prevent Antisocial Behavior.” In R. Loeber and D. Farrington (eds.). Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, Inc.

Dryfoos, J. 1990. Adolescents at Risk: Prevalence and Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press.

ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management and Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ed.). 1999. Student Truancy. Eugene, Ore.: Jay Dekalb, Jay. ED 4290334.

ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education and Office of Educational Research and Improvement (eds.). 1997. Urban Policies and Programs to Reduce Truancy. ERIC/CUE Digest Number 129, 5.

Garry, E.M. 1996. Truancy: First Step to a Lifetime of Problems. Washington, DC: OJJDP, ED 408.

Huizinga, D.; R. Loeber; and T. Thornberry. 1995. Urban Delinquency and Substance Abuse: Initial Findings. Washington, DC: OJJDP.

Kelley, B.T.; R. Loeber; K. Keenan; and M. DeLamatre. 1997. Developmental Pathways in Boys’ Disruptive and Delinquent Behavior. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. OJJDP.

Loeber, R., and D. Farrington. 2000. “Young Children Who Commit Crime: Epidemiology, Developmental Origins, Risk Factors, Early Interventions, and Policy Implications.” Development and Psychopathology 12(4):737–62.

McMillen, M.; P. Kaufman; E. Germino–Huasken; and D. Bradby. 1993. Dropout Rates in the United States: 1992. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, NCES 93–464. As cited by S. Cantelon and D. LeBoef. 1997. Keeping Young People in School: Community Programs That Work, Washington, DC: OJJDP, 1.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 1995. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

Reglin, Gary. 1997. “Mentoring and Tutoring Help (MATH) Program Fights Truancy.” The Clearinghouse, July/August 1997, 319–24.

Robins, L.N., and K.S. Ratcliff. 1978. Long-Range Outcomes Associated With School Truancy. Washington, DC: Public Health Service.

Rohrman, D. 1993. “Combating Truancy in Our Schools.” NA Community Effort. NASSP Bulletin, 76 (549), 40–45 (EJ 457 251). As cited in ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education and Office of Educational Research and Improvement (eds.). 1997. Urban Policies and Programs to Reduce Truancy. ERIC/CUE Digest Number 129.

Snyder, H.N., and M. Sickmund. 1995. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: A National Report. Washington, DC: OJJDP.

U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Justice. 1996. Manual to Combat Truancy. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Justice. 1999. “Justice Department Program Focuses on Reducing Truancy.” Office of Justice Programs News, May 12.

University of Colorado at Boulder. 1998. Blueprints for Violence Prevention. Boulder, Colo.: Institute of Behavioral Science.

———. 1998. Comprehensive Strategy Curriculum: Promising Approaches for Graduated Sanctions.

———. Profile No. 57. 2000. “West Contra Costa Unified School District Truancy Enforcement Program—Richmond, Calif.” Online at: http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/pubs/gun_violence/profile57.html.

Victim Impact Panel

Fors, S., Rojek, D. 1999. "The Effect of Victim Impact Panels on DUI/DWI Rearrest Rates: A Twelve Month Follow-up." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 60:514-520.

Lord, J. 1989. Victim Impact Panels: A Createive Sentencing Opportunity. Dallas, Texas: Mothers Agasint Drunk Driving.

Mercer, D.; R. Lorden; and J. Lord. 1994. “Sharing Their Stories: What Are the Benefits? Who Is Helped?” Paper presented at the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies. Chicago, Ill.

Pocacsek, M., Rogers, E., Woodall, W., Delaney, H., Wheeler, D., and Rao, N. 2001. "MADD Victim Impact Panels and Stages of Change in Drunk Driving Prevention." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62: 344-250.

Victim Offender Mediation

Coates, R.B.; and J. Gehm. 1989. “An Empirical Assessment.” In M. Wright and B. Galaway (eds.), Mediation and Criminal Justice. London, England: Sage Publications, 251–63.

Nugent, W., and J. Paddock. 1995. “The Effect of Victim–Offender Mediation on Severity of Reoffense.” Mediation Quarterly 12(4): 353–67.

Nugent, W.; M. Umbreit; L. Winamaki; and J. Paddock. 2001. “Participation in Victim–Offender Mediation and Re-Offense: Successful Replications?” Journal of Research on Social Work Practice 11(1): 5–19.

Office for Victims of Crime. 1998. New Directions from the Field: Victims rights and Services for the 21st Century (Bulletin). Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.

Marshall, T.; and S. Merry. 1990. Crime and Accountability. London, England: Home Office.

Pate, K. 1990. “Victim–Offender Restitution Programs in Canada.” In B. Galaway and J. Hudson (eds.), Criminal Justice, Restitution and Reconciliation. New York, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press.

Umbreit, M. 1994a. “Crime Victims Confront Their Offenders: The Impact of a Minneapolis Mediation Program.” Journal of Research on Social Work Practice 4(4): 436–47.

———. 1994b. Victim Meets Offender: The Impact of Restorative Justice and Mediation. Monsey, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Press.

Umbreit, M.; and R. Coates. 1992. “The Impact of Mediating Victim–Offender Conflict: An Analysis of Programs in Three States.” Juvenile and Family Court Journal. 43(1): 21–28.

———. 1993. “Cross-Site Analysis of Victim–Offender Mediation in Four States.” Crime and Delinquency 39(4): 565–85.

———. 2000. Multicultural Implications of Restorative Justice: Potential Pitfalls and Dangers. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Victims of Crime.

Umbreit, M.; and J. Greenwood. 1998. Victim Sensitive Guidelines for Victim–Offender Mediation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime.

———. 2000. Guidelines for Victim-Sensitive Victim–Offender Mediation: Restorative Justice Through Dialogue. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime.

Umbreit, M.; J. Greenwood; C. Fercello; and J. Umbreit. 2000. National Survey of Victim–Offender Mediation Programs in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime.

Umbreit, M.; and A. Roberts. 1996. Mediation of Criminal Conflict in England: An Assessment of Services in Coventry and Leeds. St. Paul, Minn.: Center for Restorative Justice and Mediation, University of Minnesota.

Vocational/Job Training

A.L. Nellum and Associates. 1980. Impacts of SYEP Participation on Work-Related Behavior and Attitudes of Disadvantaged Youth, Final Report. Washington, DC, 105.

Andrews, D.A., and J. Bonta. 1994. The Psychology of Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson.

Betsey, C.L.; R.G. Hollister Jr.; and Papageorgiou (eds.). 1985. Youth Employment and Training Programs: The YEDPA Years. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 104, 107.

Bloom, H.S.; L.L. Orr; G. Cave; S.H. Bell; F. Doolitle; and W. Lin. 1994. The National JTPA Study: Overview: Impacts, Benefits and Costs of Title II–A. Bethesda, Md.: ABT Associates, Inc., 109, 110.

Brooks, Carol Cramer, and Carter White. 2000. “Curriculum for Training Educators of Youth in Confinement.” OJJDP Fact Sheet, No. 5. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Bushway, Shawn; and Peter Reuter. 1998. “Labor Markets and Crime Risk Factors.” In: L. Sherman, D. Gotfredson, D. MacKenzie, J. Eck, P. Reuter, and S. Bushway. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t What’s Promising. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Cantelon, Sharon, and Donni LeBoeuf. 1997. Keeping Young People in School: Community Programs That Work. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: OJJDP.

Cave, G.; H. Bos; F. Doolittle; and C. Toussaint. 1993. JOBSTART: Final Report on a Program for School Dropouts. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 108–10.

Cave, G., and J. Quint. 1990. Career Beginnings Impact Evaluation: Findings From a Program for Disadvantaged High School Students. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.

Coeyman, Marjorie. 2000. “Putting Communities to Work for at-Risk Kids.” Christian Science Monitor, July 25.

Communities in Schools. 2000. “Communities in Schools—HUD Partnership Provides $500,000 to Target Nation’s Underserved Communities.” Alexandria, Va.: www.cisnet.org/news/todays.html, July 13.

Corporation for Public/Private Ventures. 1983. Longer Term Impacts of Preemployment Services on the Employment and Earnings of Disadvantaged Youth. Philadelphia, Pa.: Corporation for Public/Private Ventures.

Dynarski, Mark, and Philip Gleason. 1999. How Can We Help? Lessons From Federal Dropout Prevention Programs. Princeton, N.J.: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.

Ehrlich, Isaac. 1973. “Participation in Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation.” Journal of Political Economy 81(3):521–65.

Fagan, Jeffrey. 1995. “Legal Work and Illegal Work: Crime, Work, and Unemployment.” In Burton Weisbrod and James Worthy (eds.). Dealing With Urban Crisis: Linking Research to Action. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.

Farkas, G.; D.A. Smith; E.W. Stromsdorfer; G. Trask; and R. Jerrett III. 1982. Impacts From the Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects: Participation Work and Schooling Over the Full Program Period. New York: Manpower Research Development Corporation.

Frey, Heather E. 1999. “Employment and Training for Court-Involved Youth: An Overview.” OJJDP Fact Sheet, No. 102.

Gemignani, Robert J. 1994. “Juvenile Correctional Education: A Time for Change.” OJJDP Update on Research, Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: OJJDP.

Gottfredson, M., and T. Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

Hershey, Alan M., Marsha K. Silverberg, Joshua Haimson, Paula Hudis, and Russell Jackson. 1999. Expanding Options for Students. Report to Congress on the National Evaluation of School-to-Work Implementation, Executive Summary. Princeton, N.J.: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.

Ingersoll, Sarah, and Donni LeBoeuf. 1997. “Reaching Out to Youth out of the Education Mainstream.” Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: OJJDP.

Jobs for America’s Graduates, Inc. 1998. The JAG Track Record. Alexandria, Va: Jobs for America’s Graduates, Inc. www.jag.org/whatis.html.

———. 2000. Crossroads Newsletter. Alexandria, Va.

Levesque, Karen, Doug Lauen, Peter Teitelbaum, Martha Alt, and Sally Librare. 2000. Vocational Education in the United States: Toward the Year 2000. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.

Mallar, C.; S. Kerachsky; C. Thornton; and D. Long. 1982. Evaluation of the Economic Impact of the Job Corps Program, Third Follow-Up Report. Princeton, N.J.: Mathematica Policy Research.

Maynard, R. 1980. The Impact of Supported Work on Young High School Dropouts. Princeton, N.J.: Mathematica Policy Research, 105.

Maynard, R.; E. Cavin; and J. Schore. 1982. Post-Program Impacts of Supported Work on Young High School Dropouts: Results from a Follow-Up Survey. Princeton, N.J.: Mathematica Policy Research.

National Center for Education Statistics. 1999. Digest of Education Statistics, Table 108. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.

———. 2000. Employment of Young Adults, by Educational Attainment. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.

National School-to-Work Learning and Information Center. 1996a. “The School to Work Opportunities Act: Learning and Earning.” Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: www.stw.ed.gov/factsht/fact1.htm.

———. 1996b. Fact Sheet, The School to Work Opportunities Act: Work-Based Learning. Washington, DC: www.stw.ed.gov/factsht/fact4.htm.

Needels, Karen, Mark Dynarski, and Walter Corson. 1998. Helping Young People in High Poverty Communities: Lessons From Youth Fair Chance. Princeton, N.J.: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.

Pedraza, Rachel A., Edward Pauly, and Hilary Kopp. 1997. “Homegrown Progress: The Evolution of Innovative School-to-Work Programs.” New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation. www.mdrc.org/Reports/homeGrown/HomeGrownExSum.html.

Ploeger, M. 1997. “Youth Employment and Delinquency: Reconsidering a Problematic Relationship.” Criminology 35(4):659–75.

Schochet, Peter Z., John Burghardt, and Steven Glazerman. 2000. National Job Corps Study: The Short-Term Impacts of Job Corps on Participants’ Employment and Related Outcomes. Princeton, N.J.: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.

Search Institute 2000. “Forty Developmental Assets.” Online. http://www.search-institute.org/assets/forty.htm. Accessed Aug. 1, 2000.

Shapiro, J.Z.; S.N. Gaston; J.C. Hebert; and D.J. Guillot. 1986. LSYOU (Louisiana State Youth Opportunities Unlimited) Project Evaluation. Baton Rouge, La.: College of Education, Louisiana State University.

Stasz, Cathleen. 1999. Assessing the Quality of Vocational Education in High Schools. Independent Advisory Panel Meeting, National Assessment of Vocational Education. Rand.
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Stephens, Ronald D., and June Lane Arnette. 2000. “From the Courthouse to the Schoolhouse: Making Successful Transitions.” Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: OJJDP.

Uggen, C. 1994. “Innovators, Retreatists, and the Conformist Alternative: A Job Quality Model of Work and Crime.” Unpublished. University of Wisconsin, Madison.

United States Conference of Mayors. 1998. Innovative City/County Partnerships, a Report from the Joint Center for Sustainable Communities, Connecting People to Jobs: Joint Effort Focuses on Innovative Employment and Training Services for Youth, Tuscon/Pima County, Arizona. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education. 2000a. “Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1998, Summary.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. www.ed.gov/offices/OVAE/VocEd/InfoBoard/2pgperk.htm.

———. 2000b. School-to-Work National Good News Facts and Figures. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. www.stw.ed.gov/research/goodfacts2.htm.

U.S. Department of Labor. 2000. Report on the Youth Labor Force. Washington, DC.

———. N.d.(a). “Fact Sheet—Job Training Partnership Act.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. www.doleta.gov.

———. N.d.(b). “Fact Sheet—Job Corps.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.
www.doleta.gov/programs/factsht/jobcorps.htm.

———. N.d.(c). “Youth Opportunity Movement, What’s New, Youth Activities of the Department of Labor.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
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Walker, G., and F. Vilella–Velez. 1992. Anatomy of a Demonstration: SETP From Pilot Through Replication and Postprogram Impacts. Philadelphia, Pa.: Public–Private Ventures.

Wilderness Programs

Roberts, Albert P. 2004. "Structured Wilderness Experience: Camping, Environmental, and other Outdoor Rehabilitation Programs." In A. Roberts (ed.). Juvenile Justice Sourcebook: Past, Present, and Future. New York, NY: Oxford University Press,395-421.

Fuentes, A, and Ronald Burns. 2002. "Getting Back to Nature: An Examination of Therapeutic Wilderness Programming." Journal for Juvenile Justice and DetentionServices . 17(1): 21-35.

Greenwood, P.W., and S. Turner. 1987. The VisionQuest Program: An Evaluation. Santa Monica, Cal.: Rand Corporation.

Howell, James C. 1998. "New Approaches to Juvenile Crime: The Promise of Graduated Sanctions in the Juvenile Justice System." Corrections Compendium . 23(9): 1-25.

--- (ed.). 1995. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders . Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Lipsey, Mark W. and Sandra Jo Wilson. 2000. "Wilderness Challenge Programs for Delinquent Youth: A Meta-Analysis of Outcome Evaluations." Evaluation and Program Planning. 23: 1-12.

Wraparound/Case Management

Bruns, E.J.; J.S. Walker; J. Adams; P. Miles; T. Osher; J. Rast; and J. VanDenBerg. 2004. Ten Principles of the Wraparound Process. Portland, Ore.: National Wraparound Initiative, Research and Training Center on Family Support and Children’s Mental Health, Portland State University.

Burchard, J.D.; E.J Bruns; and S.N. Burchard. 2002. “The Wraparound Process.” Community-based Treatment for Youth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Burns, B.J. and S.K. Goldman. (Eds). 1999. “Promising Practices in Wraparound for Children with Serious Emotional Disturbance and their Families.” Systems of Care: Promising Practices in Children’s Mental Health, 1998 Series, Volume IV. Washington, DC: Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice, American Institutes of Research.

Franz, John. Wraparound: A Primer. 2003. Available online at www.paperboat.com.

Kamradt, B. 2000. “Wraparound Milwaukee: Aiding Youth With Mental Health Needs.” Juvenile Justice Journal. 7(1):14–23.

Koroloff, N.; M. Pullman; P. Savage; J.Kerbs; and V. Mazzone. 2004. The Clark County, Washington Children’s System of Care Evaluation Summative Report. Portland, Ore.: The Regional Research Institute for Human Services, Graduate School of Social Work, Portland State University.

Milwaukee County Behavioral Health Division. 2003. Wraparound Milwaukee: 2002 Annual Report. Milwaukee, Wis.: Milwaukee County Behavioral Health Division, Department of Health and Human Services.

NMHA. 2004. Mental Health Treatment for Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: A Compendium of Promising Practices. Alexandria, Va.: National Mental Health Association.

National Wraparound Initiative Advisory Group. 2003. “History of the Wraparound Process. “ Focal Point Bulletin. Portland, Ore.: National Wraparound Initiative, Research and Training Center on Family Support and Children’s Mental Health, Portland State University.

State of California Board of Corrections. 2002. Repeat Offender Prevention Program. Calif: State of California Board of Corrections.